Breeding Ponds of the Spotted Salamander 69 



Table 1. Chemistry of water samples taken from spotted salamander breeding 

 ponds in March, 1989. a 



Variable Successful ponds Failed ponds All ponds 



(N = 25) (N = 23) (N = 48) 



Al 



0.44 ± 



0.04 



0.91 + 



0.1 5 b 



0.66 ± 



0.08 



B 



1.48 ± 



0.07 



1.55 + 



0.08 



1.51 ± 



0.0 



Ba 



0.20 ± 



0.01 



0.22 + 



0.01 



0.21 ± 



0.01 



Ca 



5.27 ± 



0.62 



5.77 + 



0.51 



5.51 ± 



0.40 



Cd 



0.001 ± 



0.0004 



0.001 ± 



0.0004 



0.001 ± 



0.0002 



Cr 



0.002 ± 



0.0006 



0.002 ± 



0.0004 



0.002 ± 



0.0004 



Cu 



0.010 + 



0.008 



0.025 ± 



0.003 b 



0.018 + 



0.004 



Fe 



0.53 ± 



0.12 



1.06 + 



0.35 



0.78 + 



0.18 



K 



4.84 ± 



1.70 



2.35 ± 



0.54 



3.65 + 



0.93 



Mg 



1.30 ± 



0.20 



1.33 + 



0.12 



1.31 + 



0.12 



Mn 



0.08 ± 



0.02 



0.12 + 



0.03 



0.10 + 



0.02 



Na 



14.46 ± 



1.21 



17.07 + 



2.34 



15.71 + 



1.20 



Ni 



0.003 ± 



0.001 



0.007 ± 



0.002 



0.005 + 



0.001 



P 



0.065 ± 



0.016 



0.050 ± 



0.016 



0.058 + 



0.010 



Pb 



0.005 ± 



0.003 



0.013 + 



0.002 b 



0.009 ± 



0.002 



Si 



6.557 + 



0.93 



4.490 + 



0.40 b 



5.568 + 



0.54 



Sr 



0.027 + 



0.003 



0.030 + 



0.003 



0.028 + 



0.002 



Zn 



0.028 + 



0.004 



0.026 + 



0.002 



0.027 + 



0.002 



PH 



5.34 + 



0.15 



5.29 + 



0.14 



5.32 ± 



0.10 



Tannic acid 



6.3 + 



0.8 



6.8 ± 



0.9 



6.6 + 



0.8 



Depth (cm) 



34.4 + 



3.2 



37.8 + 



3.3 



36.1 + 



2.3 



Area (m ) 



683.6 +201.1 



632.6 + 1 



138.5 



658.1 ±1 



170.0 



a All ion concentrations represent total values (soluble + bound). All values for 

 elements are means + SE ppm; cobalt and molybdenum concentrations were 

 below the level of detection. 



Failed ponds significantly different from successful ones, MANOVA tests of 

 logarithmically transformed data, P < 0.05. 



decline by more than 10% during the study) or "failed" (the number of 

 egg masses deposited has declined by 80% or more and/ or all egg 

 masses failed to produce viable larvae throughout the study). We 

 compared the physical characteristics and the levels of each element in 

 successful ponds with those in failed ponds by means of multiple 

 analysis of variance (SAS Institute 1985, MANOVA). Canonical correla- 

 tion analyses (SAS Institute 1985, CANCORR) were used to determine 

 whether successful ponds were different in overall element composition 

 from those that failed. Stepwise discriminant function analyses (SAS 

 Institute 1985, STEPDISC) were used to identify the elements that were 

 correlated with success or failure of ponds. A 5% significance level (P< 

 0.05) was used in all tests, unless noted otherwise. 





