Nest Associates of Nocomis leptocephalus 

 Table 1. Continued. 



81 



Associate 



Host(s) 



Reference(s) 



Notropis nubilus 



No tr op is procne" 

 Notropis rubellus 



Luxilus 



Lepomis 



Nocomis, Campostoma, 



Semotilus, Exoglossum 



Notropis rubricroceus Nocomis 

 Notropis tristis Lepomis 



Phenacobius crassilabrum Nocomis 

 Phoxinus Campostoma 



cumberlandensis 

 Phoxinus erythrogaster Nocomis, Campostoma 



Phoxinus ore as 

 Rhinichthvs atratulus" 



Nocomis, Campostoma 

 Nocomis 



(Pflieger 1975, Fowler et al. 

 1984) 



(Looset al. 1979) 



(Adams and Hankinson 

 1928, Hankinson 1932, 

 Raney 1940a,b, Reed 

 1958, Miller 1963, 1964, 

 Pfeiffer 1955) 



(Outten 1958) 



(Pflieger 1975) 



(Johnston, pers. obs.) 



(Starnes and Starnes 1981) 



(Smith 1908, Raney 1969, 



Settles and Hoyt 1978) 



(Cope 1868, Raney 1947) 



(Cope 1868, Raney 1969) 



^Reported to use spawning strategies in addition to nest association. 



17°C. In both species large numbers of males (30-100) held positions in 

 a school directly over nests or towards the back (downstream side), 

 although a school of N. chiliticus was observed over the front edge of a 

 nest. It is possible that the positions depended on the other species 

 present. Individual males were aggressive and defended moving territories 

 (the space surrounding an individual male no matter what his position), 

 as opposed to stationary territories (a specific location), because it was 

 impossible for any one male to hold a position for more than a few 

 seconds. Positions within small pits on the tops of the nests seemed to 

 be preferred areas, and the most vigorous competition among males 

 (hosts and associates) was for temporary positions within pits, because 

 most spawning occurred in them. These small pits were constructed by 

 male Nocomis for their own spawning. Usually more than one pit was 

 present on a given nest because more than one male N. leptocephalus 

 worked on a nest at the same time. The schools of males were always 

 close to the substrate. Females remained in schools behind the nests 

 until ready to spawn. An individual female that moved onto a nest was 

 immediately pursued by one or more males until she was driven to the 

 substrate, often into the small pits on the nests, where one or more 



