tations on aquaculture ventures. The actual guidelines in a few 



of the above areas are also given. 



Subject descriptors: 



Institutions; law; concepts; problems. 



196 



Culley, Dudley D., Jr. 



1973. 



Raceways; exotic species most affected by proposed E.P.A. 



discharge permits. 



Amer. Fish Farmer World Aquacult. News 4(8) : 9-12. 



A proposea Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ruling is quoted 



from the Environmental Reporter (May 4, 1973) pertaining to the 



waste discharge by fish and other aquatic animal production 



facilities. The cited ruling specifically refers to raceways and 



similar structures with continuous discharge, and to facilities 



containing nonnative species, regardless of continuity of 



discharge flow. An exception is made for carp, goldfish, and 



brown trout because of their relatively long U.S. residency time 



and widespread distribution. Alternative to obtaining National 



Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPD£S) permits, these 



operations could build discharge holding structures (lagoons) or 



treatment facilities (chemical and/or biological) and recirculate 



the water. The problems with discharge of pollutants and 



nonnative plants and animals are discussed. Except for raceways 



and nonnative species, the proposed ruling is viewed as having 



little effect on aquaculture. Recirculation would conserve water 



and reduce nutrient losses in culture systems. Although cost 



information is not provided, " (t) here is reason to believe that 



through increased efficiency of reclaiming wastes and 



recirculating ... water the culturist can increase profits." 



Subject descriptors: 



Effluent guidelines; problems; evaluation. 



197 



Dassow, J. A.; Steinberg, M. A. 



1973. 



The technological basis for development of aquaculture to produce 



lew-cost food fish. 



Mar. Fish. Rev. 35 (11): 6-13. 



Future protein and fish demand, limited natural stocks, and 



present concentration on the culture of high-valued species are 



the rationale for raising questions about the potential for 



low-cost food fish production via aquaculture. Known 



high- productivity (output per acre) fish include freshwater 



species with short food chains, but consumers have shown a higher 



degree of preference for other fish. Recent developments in food 



technology have made high meat recovery (up to 45% to 65% 



compared to hand or machine filleting yields of 30% to 33%) and 



control of flavor, texture, and stabilization practicable for the 



output of frozen fish blocks, which in turn may be used to 



90 



