228 



Neal, R. A. 

 1973. 



Alternatives in aguacultural development: consideration of 

 extensive versus intensive methods. 



J. Fish. Res. Eoard Can. 30(12, part 2): pp. 2218-2222. 

 This paper briefly compares legal, biological, economic, 

 environmental, and social aspects of intensive and extensive 

 animal aguaculture. While commercial choices and feasibility are 

 ultimately matters of economics, research is being planned on the 

 basis of available general information and insufficient specific 

 data. It is concluded that intensive culture is more likely to 

 become feasible for most carnivores and omnivores, and extensive 

 culture (culture with few modifications of the environment) , only 

 for a few herbivores (such as oysters, mussels and milkfish) . 

 Most species of interest fall into the intensive culture 

 category, and research is being planned accordingly. Biological 

 factors considered (non-interactively) are feeding, environmental 

 control, disease and density; economic factors include facility 

 costs, competing uses of natural water, operational costs 

 (related to biological factors) , and reliability (risks) . 

 Subject descriptors: 

 Research; species selection; problems. 



2 29 



Odum, William E. 



1973. 



The potential of pollutants to adversely affect aguaculture. 



Proceedings, 25th Annual Session, Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries 



Institute, Miami, Fla., Nov. 1972, pp. 163-174. 



The potential of pollutants to act as limiting factors on 



aguaculture is discussed, with reference to organic wastes, 



industrial wastes, power plant effluents, and large-scale 



environment modifications. Documented cases of damage are few. 



Intensive (closed) culture affords better control than extensive 



(open) culture. Deleterious effects of organic wastes manifest 



themselves indirectly. Minamata Bay, Japan, industrial waste 



(mercury) conseguences are cited. Petroleum products can affect 



survival, growth, and taste, depending on concentration. 



Pesticides from feed, water runoff, and other sources are a 



problem. While bioaccumulation of isotopes from nuclear 



powerplants is discounted as a danger, copper and chlorine may be 



serious contaminants in powerplant aguaculture. 



Subject descriptors: 



Pollutants; biology; research; problems; outlook. 



105 



