239 



Pritchard, G. I. 

 1973. 



Constraints to aquacultural development. 

 Canadian Fisherman and Ocean Science 59(4): 22-27. 

 Several Canadian constraints are discussed: development costs, 

 feedstuffs, risks, habitat, seed stock, monoculture and 

 government policies. The complexity of aquaculture systems 

 requires high R&D and lead (viability testing) time in excess of 

 the 2 to 3 years industrial managers are usually willing to ac- 

 cept. Aquaculture is essentially a feed-lot operation that 

 converts, but does not produce food. Low-cost food supplies are 

 essential. Risks (disease, predator, storm, and market un- 

 certainties) may limit fish feed-lot size and require dispersion. 

 Habitat problems range from site selection and climatic zone 

 limitations to protection. Seed stocks represent an important 

 cost, following feed and labor; hatcheries afford genetic and 

 health control, but also call for different culture and 

 management than grow-out stages. Mono and multiculture systems 

 and government policies present questions and problems. 

 Subject descriptors: 

 Canada; constraints; concepts. 



2 40 



Pritchard, G. I. 

 1973. 



With the decline of natural fish stocks other sources must be 

 used . 



West. Fish. 86(4): 38-43. 



The author discusses the future of aquaculture in Canada and the 

 need for it to be market oriented and competitive. More than 300 

 private trout hatcheries exist in Canada as a result of demand 

 for fry and finqerlinqs for planting in private lakes and 

 recreational ponds. Government-sponsored and operated hatcheries 

 produce annually more than 1 million pounds of fry, fingerlings, 

 or smolts for public waters. Constraints to aquacultural devel- 

 opment in Canada are discussed. They include underestimation of 

 the project scale needed to cover costs, the lack of low-cost 

 feed for fish, and the unwillinqness of producers to bear the 

 risk burdens inherent in aquacultural development. 

 Subject descriptors: 

 Canada; outlook; problems; constraints. 



241 



Richards, Jack; Tanonaka, George. 



1971. 



Mariculture in the United States. 



U.S. Dep. Commer. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NW Fish. Cent., unpubl. 



manuscr., 9 pp. 



U.S. interest, national policy, and the NOAA role in policy 



implementation are discussed. Increasing U.S. dependence on 



110 



