imports, increased world product-market and resource (fishery) 

 competition among fishing nations and consequent rising prices, 

 jurisdictional problems, mariculture 's efficient use of space, 

 and other reasons are cited to explain U.S. interest in 

 mariculture. As to national policy, market demand should 

 essentially determine what is produced and production-efficiency 

 R&D choices. Institutional arrangements require various actions 

 at several levels. The NOAA role in policy implementation would 

 appear to lie in initial R&D, information transfer, continued 

 supportive research, and leadership. 

 Subject descriptors: 



Outlook; development rationale; institutions; demand; R&D role; 

 public sector role; market role. 



242 



Rcuzaud, Pierre. 



1973. 



General situation of aquaculture in France. 



Brackish water Aquaculture in the Mediterranean Region, FAO, 



General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Stud. Rev. (52) : 



25-33. 



Private and public sector research and experimental commercial 



activity are described (to 1971), and proposed work is indicated. 



One firm is operating a commercial eel farm, using juveniles 



obtained from natural stocks. Research relates to reproduction, 



feeds and feeding, growth and other cultural study areas for bass 



and gilthead bream, turoot, shrimp, Pacific salmon, trout in sea 



water, and mullet. 



Subject descriptors: 



France; research; experiments; state of the art. 



243 



Rutka, Justin. 



1969. 



Evolution of public policies affecting exclusive use of coastal 



zone fishery resources: a comparison of public policies of Japan 



and the United States with implications on the status and 



potential of aquaculture in Hawaii. 



Univ. Hawaii, Dep. Agri. Econ. , unpubl. paper, 27 pp. 



The author compares definitions of aquaculture, food output from 



land and ocean resources, distribution and intensity patterns, 



agricultural and aquacultural yields (which are rejected as 



comparisons since they refer to only one input and are therefore 



without much meaning) , and the importance of aquaculture in Japan 



and the United States. Then the legal history of use and 



ownership patterns of tidal lands are explored briefly for the 



United States, Japan, and Hawaii. Owing to its shortage of 



arable land and dependence on the sea, Japan developed 



institutions of exclusive use and formalized them into law in the 



Meiji Restoration of 1848. In 1949,, "demarcation rights" were 



established for shallow sea culture. The U.S. system derives 



ill 



