tons) in pond culture since 1970. Pond culture catch is 50% of 

 the total Israeli catch. Graphs show the distribution of fish 

 pond catch by year and total catch by year and source. Data on 

 catch by species, source, and percentage increases in catch are 

 given for the 1960's and through 1972. The number of fish farms 

 decreased by 2.4% in 1972. The cultured species discussed are 

 carp, tilapia, mullet, and silver carp. The increment in 1972, 

 compared to 1971, of cultured carp was 400 tons (3%) and for 

 tilapia it was 132 tons (12%). Cultured mullet decreased by 55 

 tons (6%). Ton amounts, increases, and decreases in marketed 

 pondfish from 1969 to 1972 are illustrated graphically and in 

 table form. The portions of carp, tilapia, mullet, and silver 

 carp in all pondfish marketed amounted to 84.7%, 9.2%, 4.2%, and 

 1.9%, respectively. A summary of major points is also given. 

 Subject descriptors: 



Israel; production data; consumption data; acreage data; 

 productivity . 



248 



Scott, Anthony. 



1970. 



Economic obstacles to marine development. 



William J. McNeil, editor. Marine aguiculture, Selected papers 



from Conference on Marine Aquaculture, Oreg. State Univ., Mar. 



Sci. Cent., Oreg. State Univ. Press, pp. 153-167. 



Topics related to aquaculture include: control over resources, 



demand, research, and innovation, and property, tenure and 



externalities (exclusion and spillover, permanence and 



flexibility) . Markets for aquacultural products now relate 



either to luxury or to cost-advantage items. It is suggested 



that R&D proposals be submitted to more rigorous evaluation as to 



economic payoff. Innovation (the actual implementation of 



methods determined in the R&D process) in the fishing industry is 



as likely as in other industries, but the business operators are 



properly skeptical, given the risks of their ventures and their 



interest in payoff. Natural resource use and development reguire 



exclusiveness (to assure returns and for protection from adverse 



spillovers of other activities) , permanence (to secure returns 



which accrue through time) and flexibility (to allow changes in 



technigue without penalties) . 



Subject descriptors: 



Economic concepts; institutions; R&D role; R&D evaluation; risks. 



249 



Secretan, P. A. D. 



1975. 



Insurance for fish farmers. 



Fish Farming Internatl. 2 (1, 2, 3): 26 and 28, 22-23, 26-27. 



Three aspects of insurance for fish farmers are discussed: stock 



losses, inflation protection, and risk management. Insurance is 



viewed as a device for handling major losses, but the 



114 



