FOREST AND STREAM 
51 
apple sauce, was set before us. Your entertaining cor¬ 
respondent, Jacobstalf, lias already described the achieve¬ 
ments of one hungry hunter in a lumber camp, where he 
surrounded a “brown stone front.” So that I need not 
dwell on a similar experience. 
The head waters of the Connecticut and Magalloway 
Rivers have been a good hunting ground for moose and 
carribou, but like The region about Moosehead Lake, an 
indiscriminate slaughter of this noble game in season and 
out, has made them very scarce, although I am glad to see 
by the communication of W. E. S., that moose and carribou 
are getting back to this section. 
Until the Game Law is enforced the hunter must pene¬ 
trate the wilds of New Brunswick or Cape Breton, if he 
would kill large game. J. A. 
--—-- 
THE QUADRUP EDS OF ARCTIC LANDS. 
Germs Tarandus ; Germs Bangiferens. 
Number One—Reindeer. 
T is difficult • to determine with precision the limits of 
Arctic lands, since many countries situated as low as sixty 
or even fifty degrees, such as South Greenland, Labrador, 
Alaska and the country around Lake Baikal, have in their 
climate arid productions a decidedly Arctic character,-while 
others, as the coast of Norway, due to close proximity to 
the Gulf stream, enjoy even in winter a remarkably mild 
temperature. 
The torrid zone animal life is comparatively limited; it 
abounds in the north temperate, while in the frigid it is 
more abundant, (perhaps this is a sweeping assertion, and 
should be modified by saying on the borders of the two lat¬ 
ter zones animal life is most*abundant.) 
First ranks the reindeer, and in my description I 
shall confine myself more particularly to the European 
variety rather than the American caribou, which merits 
separate notice. 
The reindeer has been called the “camel of the north,” 
and well may be, for he-is a no less valuable companion to 
the Samojede and Lapp than the “ship of the desert” to the 
wandering Arab. This species of deer is the only member 
of its tribe which has been generally domesticated. Un¬ 
doubtedly the most useful, it is by no means the most 
comely of its race. Its clear, dark eye, like most of deer, 
lias a beautiful expression, but has neither tlie grand pro¬ 
portions of the wapiti, or the grace of the roe buck, and 
its thick, square formed body is far from being a model of 
elegance. The front hoofs are capable of great lateral ex¬ 
pansion, and curve upwards, while the secondary ones be¬ 
hind, which are but slightly developed in other members 
of the family, are considerably prolonged, a structure 
which, by giving the animal a broader base to stand upon, 
prevents its sinking too deeply into the snow or morass. 
Had the hoof of the reindeer been formed like that of the 
stag, he would be unable to drag the Laplander’s sledge 
with such speed over the yielding snow, even as w T ould the 
camel to perform long marches over burning sands Without 
his broad elastic sole pad. 
The short legs and broad feet of the reindeer likewise 
enable him to swim with greater ease, a power of no small 
importance in a country abounding in lakes and rapid 
rivers, and where scarcity of food renders frequent migra¬ 
tions necessary. When the reindeer, moves a remarkable 
clattering sound may be heard some distance. This is pro¬ 
duced by the long hoofs which separate as they press the 
ground and close when raised. 
A long mane of dirty white hangs from the neck of this 
deer. In summer the body is brown above and white be¬ 
neath. In winter, long haired and yellowish white. Its 
antlers are widely different from those of the stag or wapi¬ 
ti, having broad, palmatea summits, and branching back¬ 
ward to the length of three or four feet; their weight is 
considerable, twenty or twenty-five pounds, and it is remar- 
able that both sexes have horns, while in all other members 
of the deer tribe the males alone are in possession of this 
ornament or weapon. 
The female brings forth in May a single calf, rarely two. 
This is small and weak, but after a few days follows its 
mother, who suckles her young but a short time, as it is 
soon able to seek its food. The reindeer gives but little 
milk, at the utmost, after the calf is weaned,, a half pint 
daily, but the quality is excellent, being uncommonly thick 
and nutritious. It consists almost wholly of cream, so that 
a great deal of water may be added before it becomes in¬ 
ferior to the best cow milk. Its taste is excellent, but the 
butter made from it is rancid, though the cheese is very 
good. 
The milking of a herd of reindeer presents a most ani¬ 
mated scene. When they have been driven within an in- 
! closure, and the outlets secured, a Lapp, selecting a long- 
thong or cord, takes a turn of both ends round the left 
hand, and gathers the “bight” in loose folds with his right. 
He now singles out a deer and throws the bight with an 
1 aim no less unerring than that of a Mexican “vaqueros,” 
| or South American “guacho.” Sometimes the deer makes 
no resistance, but generally the moment it feels the touch 
1 of the thong as it entangles the horns, it breaks away, and 
‘ is only secured by the most strenuous efforts. Every min- 
1 ute may be seen some unusually powerful deer furiously 
1 dragging a Lapp round and round the enclosure, and some- 
s times it fairly overcomes the restraint of the thong, and 
leaves its antagonist prostrate upon the sod. This part of 
the scene is highly exciting, and it is impossible hot to ad¬ 
mire the trained skill evinced by all the Lapps, women as 
well as men. The resistance of the deer being overcome, the 
[! Lapp takes a hitch of the thong round its muzzle and head, 
(I 
and then fastens it to the trunk of a prostrate tree, many of 
which have been brought into the inclosure for this espe¬ 
cial purpose. Men and women are indiscriminately en¬ 
gaged in singling out milch reins and milking them. Every 
one is fully occupied, for even little children are practising 
throwing the lasso, in which they evince much skill, al¬ 
though their strength is insufficient to hold the smallest 
doe. 
The only food of the reindeer during the winter is the 
moss kfiown as lichen ravgifirens, and his instinct or acute¬ 
ness of olfactories in discovering it is surprising. No matter 
hov r deep this lichen is buried, the animal is aware of its 
presence the moment he comes to the spot, and this food is 
never so agreeable as when he digs it for himself. His 
manner of doing this is adroit. Having first ascertained 
by thrusting his muzzle into the snow whether the moss 
lies below 7- or not, he begins making a hole with his fore 
feet, and continues working until at length he uncovers the 
lichen. No instance has ever occurred of a reindeer mak¬ 
ing such a cavity without discovering the moss he seeks. 
When the snow is too deep, as sometimes happens, he be 
takes himself to the forests and feeds upon another lichen 
which hangs on pine trees. In summer their food is of a 
different nature. They are pastured upon green herbs or 
the leaves of trees. Judging from appearances of lichen 
mngifirens in the hot months, when it is dry and brittle, 
one might easily wonder that so large a quadruped as the 
reindeer should make it his favorite food and fatten upon 
it; but toward the month of September it becomes soft, 
tender and damp,, with a taste like wheat bean. In this 
state its luxuriant and flowery ramifications somewhat re¬ 
semble the leaves of endive and are as white as snow. 
Though domesticated from time immemorial, the reindeer 
has only been partly brought under the yoke of man, 
and wanders in large wild herds in the forests and tundras 
of the Old World. He is found from Lapland and Norway 
and the mountains of Mongolia and banks of the Ufa, as 
far as Novaya Zemla, and Spitsbergen. All attempts to 
prolong the life of the reindeer in zoological gardens have 
failed, and in the loyal park of Stockholm, Hooguer saw 
some of these animals which w 7 ere quite languid and ema¬ 
ciated during the summer, although care had been taken to 
provide them with a cool grotto to which they could retire 
during the warmer’hours of the day. 
During the summer the reindeer can only enjoy health in 
the fresh mountain air or along the bracing sea shore, and 
has as great a longing for low temperature as man for the 
genial warmth of his fireside in winter. The reindeer is 
easily tamed, and loves the society of his master, though 
unlike other domestic animals he is noways dependent upon 
man for subsistence, but finds it alone and unaided, wan¬ 
dering at will, summer and winter, never being inclosed. 
These qualities are inestimable to the inhabitants of a coun¬ 
try where the keeping of domestic animals demanding 
shelter and stores of provisions through winter, would be 
an impossibility. During the wanderings of the northern 
nomad it carries his tent and scanty household furniture or 
drags his sledge over the snow. 
The reindeer is comparatively unfit for riding, and when 
so used the rider is seated upon the haunches, as a slight 
shock easily dislocates its vertebral column. One would 
hardly suppose the reindeer the same animal when creeping 
languidly along under a rider’s weight, as when, unencum¬ 
bered by a load it vaults with the lightness of a bird over 
the obstacles, in its way to obey the call of its master. 
Trained to the sledge, he travels with great speed. There 
is the portrait of one preserved in the palace of Droting- 
liolm, (Sweden) which performed the extraordinary jour¬ 
ney of eight hundred miles in forty-eight hours, drawing 
an officer carrying despatches, but dropped dead when the 
journey was accomplished. Care must be taken not to 
overload or ill treat him for then his obstinacy rivals that 
of the mule, and w T hen enraged he turns upon his master with 
such fury that he is fain to shelter himself under the over¬ 
turned sledge until the rage of the deer has abated. 
The reindeer attains an age of from twenty to twenty- 
five years, but in its domesticated state is generally killed 
when from six to ten years old. The flesh is excellent, 
and the tongue and marrow are considered as great deli¬ 
cacies ; also the contents of the stomach in winter. 
Every portion of this deer is made available by the 
Lapps. The blood is carefully saved and made into pud¬ 
dings, or drank warm. The horns furnish spoons; the 
hoofs glue; bow strings and thread are made from the sin¬ 
ews, and the skin furnishes blankets and clothing so im¬ 
pervious to cold that with a single skin above him, the 
Arctic inhabitant will defy the severities of the coldest 
Arctic night. In Tornea the skins of new born calves are 
prepared and sent to St. Petersburg to be manufactured 
into gloves, which are extremely soft and durable but very 
dear. 
The most dangerous enemies of the reindeer are the wolf 
and glutton or wolverine, (gulo borealis or arcticus) which be¬ 
longs to the bloodthirsty marten and weasel family. Besides 
the attacks of its mightier enemies, the reindeer is subject 
to the persecutions of two species of gad fly. The one 
{cesfrus tarandi ) called hurhna by the Lapps, deposits its 
glutinous eggs upon the animal’s back. The larvte, on 
creeping out, immediately bore into the skin, where they 
cause swellings or boils an inch or more in diameter, with 
an opening at the top of each, through which the larva) 
may be seen imbedded in the purilent fluid; often the whole 
back is covered by these, which speedily cause emaciation 
and disease through the enormous drain of the fluids of the 
body consequent upon decomposing animal matter. Aware 
of the danger, the reindeer runs wild and furious as soon 
as he hears the buzzing of this fly, and seeks refuge in the 
nearest water. 
The.other species of fly cesetus nasalis ) lays its eggs in the 
nostrils of the deer, and the larvee boring themselves into 
the fauces and beneath the tongue of the poor animal are 
a great source of annoyance. 
A pestilential disorder similar to the rinderpest will 
sometimes sweep away whole herds. Thus in a few days 
the Lapp or Samojede may be reduced from affluence to 
poverty. The proud possessor of several thousands of deer 
is compelled to seek the precarious livelihood of the north¬ 
ern fisherman. 
—The South Carolina Jockey Club held their spring 
meeting on the old Washington Course, at Charleston, 8. 
C. There was a large concourse of people present to wit¬ 
ness the revival of the turf in South Carolina. On Febru¬ 
ary 28th the first race was a free handicap, a dash of a mile 
and a quarter, the purse being $200, $150 to first horse. The 
entries were:—Ortolan, Tabitha, Midnight, and Revenge. 
Ortolan won in 2:17. The second race was a one mile dash 
with 100 pounds up. Three horses started. Gabfirlunzie 
won in 1:54. The third race was mile heats for three year- 
olds for a stake of $300. Lady Washington won the two 
last heats in 1:51-|, 1:52. On March 2d the first race was 
a hurdle handicap^ two miles, over eight hurdles, three feet 
six inches high, -welter Weights, purse of $350. The en¬ 
tries were Lanta Lawler, 140 pounds; Limestone, 145 
pounds; Jim Hinton, 145 pounds; and Ellen C., 115 
pounds. Lanta Lawler was withdrawn, but the remaining 
horses made one of the handsomest races of the kind ever 
seen on the Washington Course. Limestone proved the 
winner. Time, 3:59. Jim Hinton was second and Ellen 
C. third. The next race was a selling race of $200; mile 
dash; horses to run for $1,000 to carry their regular 
Weight. There were two- entries—Ortolan and Fire Ball. 
The former won in 1:52£. The consolation purse of $200, 
mile dash, for horses that, have run and not rvon during the 
meeting; weight for age. There were three entries—Flower 
Girl, Vancialite, and Tabitha. Flower Girl w 7 on in 1:51. 
•The citizens sweepstakes, three mile heats, for all ages; 
$100 entrance, half forfeit; club to add $750. Granger 
won in two straight heats. Time—5:51, 5:51 
—The Utica Park will soon have a railroad track running 
to the gate, which will add a much needed improvement, 
and the lack of which has given rival associations a con¬ 
siderable advantage heretofore. The following is a com¬ 
plete list of the Ladies’ and Oneida Stakes to be competed 
for on the first day of the June Running Meeting on the 
Ijtica Park:— 
Ladies’ Stakes. —For two-year-olds; $300 in gold ad 
ded: W. G. Dorling, New York, b. f. Blairgowrie, by 
Breadalband, out of Klearnet. 
D. McDaniels, New Jersey, c. f. Mattie A v , by Austra¬ 
lian, out of Minnie Mansfield. 
.D, McDaniels, New Jersey, c. c.-, by Australian, out 
of Betsy Ward. 
Hugh Gaffney, Maryland, b. f.-, by Lamington, out 
of Qaides, by Belshazzar. 
Wood Stringfield, Kentucky, c. c. Warsaw, by War 
Dance, out of Sister to Charity, by Imp Kt St. George. 
Rice & Merrill, Georgia,-Volcano, by Vandal, out of 
Aradine, by Sovereign. 
L. A. Hitchcock, Georgia, cli. f. — by Daniel Boone, 
out of I. O. U. 
J. AY. Weldon, Georgia, eh. c. Warfare, by War Dance, 
out of AYagonette, by AVagoner. 
A. B. Lewis & Co., Georgia, b. c.'Victor, by, Vandal, 
out of Septima, by brown Dick. 
A. B. Lewis c% Co., Georgia, b. f. Fannie Johnston, by 
Hunter’s Lexington, out of Betsy Hunter. 
J. R. Barry, Tenn., b. c. Asterlite, by Asteroid, out of 
Nora, by Imp Sovereign. 
Oneida Stakes. —For three-year-olds; $500 added: 
Wm. Jennings, Tenn., b. c. Larry Hart, by Planet, out of 
Nora, by Imp. Sovereign. 
D. Desmond, Saratoga, b. f. Mollie Darling, by Revolver, 
out of Skipper, by Daniel the Prophet. 
D. McDaniels, New Jersey, c. f. Madge, by Australian, 
out of Albania. 
D.. McDaniels, New Jersey, b. f. —, by Red Dick, out 
of Ettie Skippen. 
Joseph Donohue, _ New Jersey, ch. c. Dublin, by Ken¬ 
tucky, out of Zaidee, by Breckinridge. 
AVilliam M. Connors, Louisiana, ch. f. Moonbeam, by 
Planet, out of Edina, by Imperial Knight of St. George. 
A. M. Burton, Tennessee, ch. c. Red Jackson, by Van¬ 
dal, out of Sadowa, by Jack Malone. 
L. A. Hitchcock, Georgia, brn. f.-, by son of Daniel 
Boone, out of Meanness, by Brown Dick. 
A. C. Lewis & Co., Georgia, b. f. Vandalite, by Vandal, 
out of Vesper Light. 
William M. Connor, Louisiana, ch, c. Stampede, by War 
Dance, out of Dolly Morgan, by Revenue. 
—After the horse is nine years old, a wrinkle comes on 
the upper corner of the lower lid, and every year thereafter 
he has one well-defined wrinkle for every year over nine. 
If a horse has three wrinkles, he is twelve; if he has four, 
he is thirteen. Add the number of wrinkles to nine, and 
you will get it.— Ex . 
Knowmno Hen. —One of the citizens of Groveland, Mass., 
a few days since made a trip to Haverhill in a sleigh. 
Arriving at the city he proceeded to hitch his horse to a post, 
As he was about leaving to attend to business, one of his 
hens came out from under the sleigh seat, where she had 
stolen a nest, and started somewhat briskly round town on 
a tour of observation. The former gave chase, but biddy 
was too spry, and the proprietor concluded that that piece 
of property had “taken wings and flown away.” Return¬ 
ing to the sleigh after an hour’s absence, he was surprised 
to find the hen quietly sitting on her nest of eggs under 
the seat, she having returned and found the sleigh, though 
there were several others in the vicinity. 
