comprise 76 percent or more of the typing trees, and 

 no pine is present. 



Upland hardwood-pine (oak-hickory and maple- 

 beech-birch).- — Stands in which upland hardwoods 

 comprise 76 percent or more of the typing trees, and 

 some pine is present. 



Class of Timber 



Sawtimber trees. — Live trees of commercial spe- 

 cies at least 9.0 inches d. b. h. in softwoods and 11.0 

 inches d. b. h. in hardwoods, that contain at least a 

 12-foot merchantable butt log — or, if the butt log is 

 a cull, at least 50 percent of the gross sawlog volume 

 is in merchantable logs. To be merchantable, a 

 log must meet the following requirements: 



(a) In softwoods, logs having a minimum 6-inch 

 small-end diameter inside bark, 8 feet long, and at 

 least one-third sound, with sweep or crook not ex- 

 ceeding two-thirds the small-end diameter. Cedar 

 logs must have sound heartwood. 



(b) In hardwoods, logs having a minimum 8-inch 

 small-end diameter inside bark, 8 feet long, and 

 which meet the specifications of a standard lumber 

 log or a tie and timber log. 



Poletimber trees. — Trees of commercial species 

 which meet regional specifications of soundness and 

 form, and which are of the following diameters at 

 breast height: softwoods 5.0 to 9.0 inches; hardwoods 

 5.0 to 11.0 inches. (Such trees will usually become 

 sawtimber trees if left to grow.) 



Seedling and sapling trees. — Live trees of com- 

 mercial species less than 5.0 inches in diameter at 

 breast height and of good form and vigor. 



Cull trees. — Live trees of sawtimber or poletim- 

 ber size that are unmerchantable for sawlogs now or 

 prospectively because of defect, rot, or species. 



Rotten cull trees. — Live trees of sawtimber or 

 poletimber size which fail to meet regional specifi- 

 cations of proportion of sound volume to total volume. 



Sound cull trees. — Live trees of sawtimber or 

 poletimber size which meet regional specifications of 

 freedom from rot but will not make at least one mer- 

 chantable sawlog now or prospectively according to 

 regional specifications because of roughness, poor 

 form, or species. 



Stand-Size Class 



Large sawtimber. — Stands with sawtimber trees 

 having a minimum net volume per acre of 1,500 

 board-feet, International %-inch rule, and at least 



half of this volume in softwoods 15.0 inches d. b. h. 

 and larger, and in hardwoods 17.0 inches d. b. h. 

 and larger. 



Small sawtimber. — Stands with sawtimber trees 

 having a minimum net volume per acre of 1,500 

 board-feet, International }4-inch rule, but which do 

 not meet the specifications for large sawtimber. 



Poletimber. — Stands failing to meet the sawtimber 

 stand specification, but at least 10 percent stocked 

 with poletimber and larger (5.0 inches d. b. h. and 

 larger) trees and with at least half the minimum 

 stocking in poletimber trees. 



Seedling and sapling. — Stands not qualifying as 

 either sawtimber or poletimber stands, but having at 

 least 10-percent stocking of trees of commercial 

 species and with at least half the minimum stocking 

 in seedling and sapling trees. 



Nonstocked and other areas. — Commercial forest 

 land not qualifying as sawtimber, poletimber, or 

 seedling and sapling stands. 



Tree Stocking 



Stocking is the extent to which growing space is 

 effectively utilized by present or potential growing- 

 stock trees of commercial species. Stands are con- 

 sidered to be well stocked when the percentage of full 

 stocking is 70 or above, medium stocked when the 

 percentage is 40 to 69, poorly stocked when the per- 

 centage is 10 to 39, and nonstocked when the per- 

 centage is under 10. 



Volume 



Sawtimber volume. — Net volume in board -feet, ' 

 International %-inch rule, of live sawtimber trees to a 

 specified merchantable top. 



Growing stock. — Net volume in cubic feet of live 

 sawtimber and live poletimber trees from stump to a| 

 minimum 4.0-inch top diameter (of central stem) 

 inside bark. 



All-timber volume. — Net volume in cubic feet of 

 live and salvable dead sawtimber and poletimber 

 trees of commercial species, and cull trees of all species, 

 from stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top d. i. b. In- 

 cludes bole only of softwoods but both bole and limbs 

 of hardwoods to a minimum 4.0-inch diameter inside 

 bark. 



Diameter and Basal Area 



D. B. h. (diameter breast high). — Tree diameter 

 in inches, outside bark, at 4}£ feet above ground. 



42 



Forest Resource Report No. 9, U. S. Department of Agriculture 



