ALDERS (ALNuws). 
WHITE ALDER (Alnus rhombifolia). 
Distinguished from red alder by having conspicu- 
ously scaly brown bark. Leaves with fine-toothed 
wavy borders. On eastern slopes of the Cascades in 
moist situation. 
MOUNTAIN ALDER (Alnus tenuifolia). 
Commonly with slender bent stems up to 15 feet 
high in dense thickets. Leaves doubly toothed, with 
fine teeth on the coarser teeth. On heads of mountain 
streams, springy slopes, borders of high meadows, and 
lakes. 
RED ALDER (Alnus oregona). 
Large alder, 60 to go feet high, thin smooth bark, light 
ashy gray. Leaves more regularly toothed and coarser 
than other alder trees. Undersurface of leaf coated 
with rust-colored hairs. Borders of streams and on 
moist bottoms. 
THE NUT-BEARING TREES. 
Family CUPULIFER®. 
CHINQUAPINS (CasTANnopsis). 
WESTERN CHINQUAPIN (Castanopsts chrysophylla). 
An evergreen, broad-leaf, shrubby tree, with thick 
leathery leaves, shiny green above and brownish 
yellow tint underneath. Fruit a nut inclosed in a 
burr similar to the chestnut. Valley of the Columbia 
River and on Mount Hood. 
OAKS (QUERCUs). 
OREGON OAK (Quercus garryana). 
A small tree, the only oak in this region. On high 
mountain slopes a small shrubby tree. Chiefly in 
the Willamette River Valley, on west slopes of Cas- 
cades to 3,000 feet, and up into lower growth of yellow 
pine on each side. On north and northeast slopes of 
Mount Hood. 
THE ROSE FAMILY. 
Family ROSACE#. 
SERVICE BERRIES (AMELANCHIER). 
WESTERN SERVICE BERRY (Amelanchier alnifolia). 
Tall, slender-stemmed shrub 8 to 1o feet high. White 
flowers, blue-black sweetish edible fruit. The 
earliest white-flowering shrub in the woods. Gen- 
erally distributed. 
(31) 
HAWS (CrAtTaiGus). 
BLACK HAW (Crategus douglasi2). 
Low, much-branched shrub, sometimes a tree 20 to 30 
feet high. Black or black-purple, shiny, sweet, 
edible fruit. Branches with a few thorns, not very 
sharp. Foliage bright red in autumn. On borders 
and bottoms in vicinity of lower mountain streams. 
CHERRIES AND PLUMS (Prunus). 
BITTER CHERRY (Prunus emarginaia). 
From a slender, much-branched shrub to a tree 35 to 40 
feet high. Mature fruit clear coral red, extremely 
bitter. In woods at lower elevav'ons. 
WESTERN CHOKE CHERRY (Prunus deriissa). 
Commonly a treelike shrub. Bruised twigs and leaves 
have strong scent like peach pi's. Mature fruit 
blue-black color. Chiefly east of Cascades; on arid 
parts west on lowest mountain slopes. 
THE MAPLES. 
Family ACERACE/®. 
MAPLES (AcER). 
BROADLEAF MAPLE (Acer macrophyllum). 
Only large tree maple on Pacific coast. Mature leaves 
of unmistakable large size, 6 to 12 inches across. 
Wholly on west side of Cascades on borders of foothills 
and low mountain streams. 
VINE MAPLE (Acer circinatum). 
Often of a sprawling, crooked, vinelike appearance, 
shrublike. Bark smooth and greenish. Leaves with 
seven pointed lobes which in the fall turn to brilliant 
red and yellow tints and form the most prominent 
autumn coloring of this region. Occurs very com- 
monly. 
DWarF MAPLE (Acer glabrum). 
Small-stemmed shrub 4 to 6 feet high; rarely a 
tree. Bark smooth and red-brown with grayish cast. 
Leaves with three coarsely toothed lobes. Occurs 
but rarely. 
THE BUCKTHORNS. 
Family RHAMNACE/. 
BUCKTHORNS (RuHAmNUs). 
Cascara (Rhamnus purshiana). 
Varies from small tree to slender-stemmed shrub. 
Bark bitter, medicinal. Leaves blunt, oval, deeply 
ribbed with straight parallel veins. Usually an 
undergrowth on low river bottoms. 
