100 THE WOODSMAN’S HANDBOOK. 
Volume Tables for Trees of Different Diameters and 
Heights. 
In regions where the country is hilly or mountainous, trees of 
the same diameter vary considerably in height, owing to differences 
in situation, and there is a proportionate variation in their mer- 
chantable contents. In making rough estimates these variations 
in height are usually disregarded and the contents of trees of an 
average diameter is used. For accurate estimates, however, it is 
desirable to know the average contents of trees of different heights 
as well as of different diameters. The manner in which these esti- 
mates are made is described on page 126. 
Very few volume tables have been made for heights and di- 
ameters. Those given in the following pages were made in con- 
nection with investigations carried on by the author in association 
with Mr. Gifford Pinchot, except the table for White Pine on page 
111, which was prepared under the direction of Dr. B. E. Fernow, 
and the table for spruce on page 106, which was constructed by 
Mr. E. M. Griffith. 
VOLUME TABLE FOR SPRUCE, IN STANDARDS. 
The table which follows is based upon the measurement of 
2,006 trees by the author at Santa Clara, N. Y. The table was 
constructed in the following way: 
The contents of each tree in standards was first determined. 
The trees were then grouped together according to diameter and 
height, the diameter groups differing by | inch and the height 
groups by 5 feet. Thus all trees 10 inches in diameter and 35 feet 
high were grouped together, trees 10 inches in diameter and 40 
feet high, trees 10 inches diameter and 45 feet high, ete. The 
average number of standards was then determined for each group 
of trees. When arranged in a table these results formed a very 
regular gradation for trees of different diameters and heights. 
There were, however, a few irregularities in the table which were 
rounded off. 

