LUMBERING. 23 
The production of naval stores from this forest has been nearly as 
important as the lumber industry itself. Its development has been 
out of proportion to the development of lumbering. ‘Turpentine 
orcharding, as compared with lumbering, requires small capital and 
equipment. Transportation of crude turpentine is simple and inex- 
pensive, and the work of orcharding is liked and well understood by 
the people. While the timber had as yet practically no stumpage 
value, turpentine stills went up everywhere, and forests entirely inac- 
cessible for their timber could be profitably worked for turpentine. 
Turpentine boxing, therefore, went far in advance of lumbering, and 
the future value of the timber was often entireiy destroyed for the 
sake of a small immediate gain. Later it became the rule to tap for 
turpentine only when the forest was to be lumbered immediately after 
the turpentine orcharding. Asa matter of fact, however, lumbering 
can immediately follow turpentine boxing only in theory, for turpen- 
tine operations usually extend over a territory so large that lumbering 
follows in many cases only after a number of years. 
It is the writer’s observation, supported by the opinion of many 
lumbermen who have had years of experience in logging abandoned 
turpentine orchards, that the financial loss due to damage by fire, 
windfall, and insects in boxed forests often more than counterbalances 
the gain from turpentine boxing. This opinion has become general 
only in late years, since the rise in the value of southern pine timber. 
The virgin Longleaf Pine forests remaining are not generally being 
worked for turpentine. It is left for the already deteriorated forests 
of the eastern part of the pine belt to supply the demand for naval 
stores, which in consequence are now largely derived from the second- 
growth pine. While a few years ago only large trees were boxed, it 
is now not uncommon to box trees 6 inches in diameter. 
Since as a rule the pine is cut only to about 14 inches for lumber, 
the enormous waste in boxing young trees is evident. The fact that 
they may be cut for railroad ties does not solve the problem, since the 
value of small pine for ties is entirely out of proportion to their poten- 
tial timber value. 
Boxing is injurious to the forest in many ways. ‘The smaller trees 
are blown down by the wind almost at once. (Pl. IX, fig. 1.) The 
old trees are weakened year by year at the base by inevitable fires, 
which burn in the old boxes so that eventually the tree falls from the 
combined effect of fire and wind. The fires prevent the healing over 
of the scarified faces in trees which remain standing, and their vitality 
is so greatly reduced that a large percentage die. Examination of the 
old boxes showed that boxed trees are commonly attacked by insects 
after fire has dried the face of the box, and that the base of the tree is 
frequently decayed. By the gradual fall of boxed trees a mass of fuel 
collects on the ground which makes fires much more destructive, and 
