16 



ANNUAL EXPENSKS. 



The average aunual expenses of such an estate may be stated api)roxi- 

 mately as follows : 



Salary of manager, at $200 per month $2, 400 



Traveling expenses 200 



Clearing land for 200 fields 800 



Medical attendance, inclnding medicine 480 



Salary of 2 assistants, at $80 per month each 1, 920 



Chinese head overseer 240 



Chinese or Singapore native clerk 144 



Salaries of 60 Javanese coolies for one year 3, 450 



Watchman for one year 280 



Rental to sultan 200 



Government taxes 320 



Twenty-five drying sheds, one for every eight fields, at $320 ^ 8, 000 



Presses, scales, thermometers, etc , 680 



Pay of Chinese coolies, upon the supposition that each has an average, with 



sucker crop, of 15,000 plants, at an average price of $4.40 per thousand 13, 200 



Commission of Chinese foreman, 7 per cent of what his coolies have cut 924 



Matting 80 



Cost of fermentiug, grading, sorting, baling, and hauling 5, 600 



Freight to steamer 80 



Export duty of 1 guilder (40 cents) per hale 480 



Total 39,478 



Total cost at end of first year 54, 358 



BUILDINGS AND THEIR LOCATION. 



In opening up an estate it is very desirable to have the buildings 

 near the center, as the fields are constantly changing, and all of the 

 tobacco has to be hauled to the curing shed. It is quite necessary, how- 

 ever, if there is a river running through the estate, that the establish- 

 ment be situated near the river landing or upon the main road leading 

 to the river landing, or to the railroad station. Great attention is given 

 to the construction of the main plant road, which usually goes through 

 the center of the estate, so that the fields will be distributed on either 

 side. There should be a depth of at least 1,000 feet of land which can 

 be cleared for the fields on either side of the road. The road is sub- 

 stantially built and thoroughly well drained, with ditches on either side. 

 These ditches are from 3 to 6 feet wide, and about 2^ feet deep. Such 

 a road usually costs from $24 to $32 x)er GOO feet. 



The establishment includes a house for the manager, which, in the 

 beginning, is a plain cottage, lifted from 6 to 9 feet above the ground, 

 for the manager and one assistant. Later a better house is built. 

 Chinese coolies, with the 'exception of the tandil, or foreman, are 

 always single men. Sheds are usually built for them about 18 by 36 

 feet, one shed l)eing intended for ten men. There is a small sepacate 

 building of about 25 feet square for the head tandil; then there is a 



^ These sheds need not be built anew every year. They last two to three years. 



