RULES FOR CUTTING SPRUCE. 67 
diameter. The sawyers are instructed to cut ali trees yielding two 
14-foot logs which will scale not less than 6 inches at the top end, 
inside the bark. The majority of such trees are above 10 inches in 
diameter at the stump, but not all. Thus, out of about 300 trees 
measured in Nehasane Park, where the lumbermen endeavored in 1897 
to restrict the cutting to 10 inches, over 2 per cent were under 10 
inches on the stump. In order to be certain that no trees are cut 
under 10 inches in diameter, and to show the sawyers what trees 
should be left standing for seeding purposes, it is necessary to mark 
those which are to be cut. 
NECESSITY OF LEAVING SEED TREES. 
If the trees under 10 inches in diameter, capable of bearing seed, 
were evenly distributed over the area, they would be entirely sufficient 
to bring about the desired reproduction of Spruce in the openings made 
in lumbering; but there are many places where seed trees under 10 
inches are entirely absent, and where one or two Spruce above this 
size ought to be left standing to insure an ample reproduction. (PI. U1, 
fig.1.) These places are especially abundant on hardwood land and 
Spruce flats, where the reproduction of Spruce finds considerable diffi- 
culty in competition with other species. Here it is often necessary to 
leave on an average 4 to 6 trees per acre over 10 inches in diameter for 
seeding purposes. In swamps, on the other hand, the number of seed 
trees required over 10 inches in diameter is not large. This is 
explained by the fact that in the swamps the trees are of compara- 
tively even age and seed early in life, and in consequence there are a 
large number of small trees capable of bearing fruit. On Spruce 
Slopes also the number of trees needed for seed is small, because 
there are frequent groups of trees about 6 to 10 inches in diameter 
which distribute a large amount of seed and because the conditions of 
reproduction are so favorable to the Spruce that a considerable amount 
of small seedlings growth is already to be found. 
RULES FOR CUTTING SPRUCE. 
The general principles governing the selection of timber for removal 
are— 
(1) To remove all trees measuring 10 inches and over in diameter at 
3 feet from the ground, except those needed for seed. 
(2) To remove all trees under 10 inches in diameter which will proba- 
bly not live till the second cutting and which may be profitably cut now. 
RULES FOR MARKING TIMBER. 
The following rules should be observed in marking the timber: 
(1) All tall trees 15 inches and over in diameter should be marked 
for removal. On page 33 it is shown that the large trees are very old, 
