38 CHAPARRAL. 
north coast, a good part of the fuel supply was furnished by the 
larger species of chaparral, such as Quercus, Arctostaphylos, Ceano- 
thus, Adenostoma, Cercocarpus, and Rhus. In addition the roots of 
Adenostoma and Arctostaphylos were considered good fuel. Since 
much labor was required to produce a cord of such material, and the 
haul was so long, the cost averaged about $12 per cord. In recent 
vears the demand for chaparral fuel has practically ceased. In 
the regions of the mock chaparral, timber is usually near at hand 
and supplies the demand for fuel. 
FENCING. 
Adenostoma parvifolius has been used for fence posts near the 
Cleveland National Forest. This species frequently attains a height 
of 10 feet and a diameter of 5 or 6 inches. Others of the larger 
species furnish false posts for barb-wire fencing. Sticks from one 
to two inches in diameter are sufficient for this purpose. Fencing is 
so constructed in southern California that posts are from 20 to 30 
feet apart. Such a fence is not easily seen and is therefore danger- 
ous to both travelers and cattle. False posts are put between the 
supporting ones, and while they do not add to the strength of the 
fence, they make it more visible. 
BROWSE. 
Cattle, sheep, and goats do not browse on chaparral if they can get 
better forage. In time of drought, however, when no pasture can 
be obtained in the grassy regions below, chaparral may provide for- 
age for stock. It is, in fact, better liked than young conifers. 
Goats can always do well on it; sheep can do fairly weil, although 
it is difficult for them to get through the dense growth; but cattle 
are driven to it only by hunger. In the early days it was the custom 
for the cattlemen to set fire to the chaparral in the belief that it 
might be replaced in future years by a new growth of better forage. 
This practice has virtually ceased, since it has been realized that 
chaparral is much more valuable as a cover for the watersheds than 
as forage for stock. 
BEE PASTURAGE. 
Bee culture is an established industry in the chaparral region, and 
there is scarcely a time of the year when some of the species do not 
furnish honey for bees. On the Santa Barbara National Forest, 47 
permits for apiaries have been issued, on the Angeles, 14, and on the 
Cleveland, 25. Exact figures on the annual production of honey are 
not available, but the quantity is about 700 tons. 
