CHAPARRAL. 39 
Prof. Ralph Benton, apiarist, State Normal School, Los Angeles, 
has furnished the following list of honey plants, grouped in the order 
of their importance. 
1. Audibertia polystachya. 3. Aesculus californica. 
Eriogonum elongatum. Prosopis juliflora. 
Eriogonum fasciculatum. Ceanothus divaricatus. 
Lotus glaber. Rhus laurina. 
Phacelia sp. 
Salvia leucophylla. 
Salvia mellifera. 
2. Arctostaphylos manzanita. 4. Berberis pinnata. 
Eriodictyon californica. Lonicera hispidula. 
Rhus diversiloba. Lonicera interrupta. 
Yucea whipplei. Rhamus californica. 
Salix sessilifolia. 
Where one member of a genus yields honey, it 1s probable that the 
other members do. Prunus, Ribes, Rubus, Spirea, and Symporicar- 
pus are honey yielders. Quercus probably yields, through an aphis, 
a honey-dew, which, though not marketable, is of value in the sum- 
mer breeding of the bees. J/arrubium vulgare furnishes bee food, 
and fosa californica is visited chiefly for its pollen. 
PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE. 
Protection of the chaparral from fire is of the utmost importance, 
for man’s efforts can not repair the damage done. Artificial restock- 
ing is slow, and when it must cover millions of acres the task seems 
well-nigh hopeless. 
In the heavy coniferous forests of the West, three classes of fires 
are distinguished—ground, surface, and crown fires. The chaparral 
is so low and so inflammable that any fire in it is likely to be equiva- 
lent to a crown fire, which destroys all growth above the ground, and 
all litter or dry brush on the surface. ‘The extent and character of a 
chaparral fire will, of course, depend on both the topography and 
_ the wind, as well as on the quantity of the inflammable material. If 
a fire burns uphill, and is pressed by a strong wind, its progress will 
be very fast, especially if the atmosphere is dry and the fire starts in 
the daytime. Such a fire in the chaparral may have a velocity of 
5 or 6 miles an hour. On the other hand, with topography and wind 
unfavorable, and with scattering uninflammable chaparral, it is dif_i- 
cult to start a fire in the growth, nor is it likely to spread if started. 
A fire in the chaparral not only destroys the cover but, if suf- 
ficiently severe, may bake the soil to such an extent that it becomes 
inhospitable to a new growth. If the burned area is large, and if it 
extends to the top of a ridge or mountain, it is not easily reseeded by 
the unburned chaparral surrounding it. Although some seeds may 
