CHAPARRAL. ii 
are Quercus agrifolia, Nee; Q. chrysolepis, Leibm.; Q. dumosa, Nutt.; Q. oblongi- 
folia, Torr.; and several others, all of them evergreen species having small 
leathery leaves with entire margins, or provided with sharp teeth; two ever- 
green trees of different affinity accompany them, the California laurel (Umbellu- 
laria Californica, Nutt.) and the chinkapin (Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. DC). 
The shrubs composing the main mass of the vegetation, which forms a hardly 
penetrable thicket on the lower mountains and hills, consists, like the corre- 
sponding formations of other sclerophyllous districts, of representatives of the 
most diverse families, such as oaks, Composite, Rosaceze (Adenostoma fasci- 
culatum Hook. et. Arn., Prunus ilicifolia, Walp.), Zygophyllacexz, Anacardiacez 
(species of Rhus), Rhamnaceze (Ceanothus cuneatus, Nutt.; C. papillosus, 
Torr.), Leguminose, Hydrophyllacere, Ericacee (Arctostaphylos tomentosa, 
Lindl.), Labiate. Succulent plants are commoner than in other sclerophyllous 
districts, and are represented by various Cactacee. Bulbous and tuberous 
plants here again occur in great numbers as associates in the sclerophyllous 
woodland." 
Dr. Warming, in his “ Oecology of Plants,” says: 
The term ‘“scierophyllous” is employed by Schimper in connection with 
xerophytic bushland and bush forest in subtropical regions where the rain 
falls in winter. It refers to the small, thick, coriaceous, entire leaves, which are 
so extremely common in these regions. * * * The prolonged summer drought 
is hostile to vegetation. Hence the rarity of larger trees. The trees are 
small, with gnarled trunks and boughs; and most of them may occur in the 
guise of dwarf trees and shrubs. The leaves of the trees and shrubs are, as 
a rule, evergreen and protected from desiccation in various ways, yet their 
structure is not so extreme as that of desert plants. * * * Winter and 
spring form the true vegetative season of sclerophyllous vegetation, even 
though brief cold periods sometimes cause a lull.” 
Thus chaparral as a type of sclerophyllous woodland is dis- 
tinguished by its different species from: 
(a) The dwarf forests of the North and of high altitudes. 
(6) The dwarf forests of the tropics and subtropics. 
(c) The dwarf forests (if we may call them so) of the sagebrush 
desert. 
It is also distinguished by a different character of forest due to 
the effect on these species of a particular set of climatic conditions 
from: 
(d) The sometimes so-called chaparral of other regions in the 
southwestern United States, though composed of the same species. 
Under the sclerophyllous woodland formation, chaparral is differ- 
entiated from other types belonging to the same formation by its 
composition. 
The word “ chaparral,” in Castillian or Mexican, means specifically 
evergreen scrub oak or oak brush. In early Spanish California it 
was applied to Quercus dumosa, which is found along the coastal 
region from latitude 31° to latitude 39° 30’, and also in a few small 

1 Schimper, Plant Geology Upon a Physiological Basis, Oxford, 1903, p. 535. 
2 Warming, Oecology of Plants, Oxford, 1909, p. 303. 
