6 CHAPARRAL. : 
differentiated, both from the dwarf growth of high mountains and 
from the-mesquite and other dwarf forms of vegetation which ex- 
tend into the United States from the subtropical areas. Some of 
the species which make up this type of forest are found, it is true, 
widely distributed throughout the western United States, but where- 
ever they are found, it is within their limits of moisture and 
temperature. 
The sclerophyllous woodland formation is recognized by ecologists 
as occurring when, at a medium latitude and altitude, with insuffi- 
cient precipitation, we have a wet-winter, dry-summer climate. Dr. 
Schimper, in his “ Plant Geography,” describes the various regions 
and presents maps showing them. They are located between 30° 
and 40° latitude, either north or south, and are therefore almost 
midway, heliocentrically, between the equator and the poles. After 
a chapter on “ Warm temperate moist summer districts,” Dr. 
Schimper says: 
Scleropyllous woodland in general.—Whilst the districts referred to in the 
previous chapter resemble the Tropics climatically in the coincidence of the 
rainy season with high temperatures, and accordingly possess a vegetation 
similar to that of the Tropics, this likeness entirely ceases in countries where 
the precipitation coincides with low temperatures and at the same time the 
hot season is quite rainless or nearly so. Here the totally different aspect 
of the vegetation corresponds to the sharp difference in climatic conditions, 
and finds no analogy within the Tropics. The mild temperate districts, with 
winter rain and prolonged summer drought, are the home of evergreen xero- 
philous woody plants, which, owing to the stiffness of their thick, leathery 
leaves, may be termed sclerophyllous woody plants.* 
The sclerophyllous formation is found, outside of southern Cali- 
fornia, in South America on part of the coastal region of Chile; in 
Europe and Asia along the borders of the Mediterranean and east- 
ward into Turkestan; in Africa on a small area to the west of the 
Cape of Good Hope; and in Australia in the southern and south- 
western coastal region, including part of Tasmania. The flora differs 
in each of these widely separated regions. It has many local names: 
Serub, elfin-wood, bush-forest, heath-scrub, maqui, shrub-steppe, etce.. 
inclusive terms covering all the plants. There are also many terms 
which refer to pure growth of a single species—a not uncommon oc- 
currence. Such are brigalow; mulga-scrubs, composed of acacias; 
malle-scrub. composed of dwarf eucalypts; manzanita, a species of 
arctostaphylos; and chamisal, the grease-wood, Adenostoma fascicu- 
latum. 
Concerning the chaparral type Dr. Schimper says as follows: 
Sclerophyllous woodland in California.——The California littoral is stocked- 
chiefly with evergreen shrubs, among which isolated trees raise themselves. 
The most important of the trees, which in dry situations occur also as shrubs, 

1 Schimper, Plant Geology Upon a Physiological Basis, Oxford, 1903, p. 507. 
