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Jefferson and Missouri Rivers, respectively, form its southern and east- 
ern boundaries. It is well watered by numerous tributary creeks. 
The timber, confined mostly to the mountain slopes, is neither very 
heavy nor dense. Yellow and White Pine and Spruce (variety not 
named) are the principal species of forest trees. Cottonwood borders 
the streams. 
Complaint is made that lumbermen cut large quantities of timber 
which they fail to use, leaving it on the ground to decay. 
With the aid of irrigation, a few forest trees are cultivated for orna- 
mental purposes. 
LEWIS AND CLARKE COUNTY. 
(Total area, 2,100 square miles; estimated forest area, 400 square miles. ) 
This county lies directly north of Jefferson and, in common with the 
latter, is bounded on the west by the main Rocky Mountain range. The 
Missouri and Sun Rivers, respectively, constitute its eastern and north- 
ern boundaries. 
One-half or more of the county is mountainous and more or less tim- 
bered. On the sheltered slopes of the mountains, the trees are tall and 
straight, varying in diameter of trunk from 4 inches to 2 feet. In 
situations where the southwest winds have unobstructed sweep, the 
forest growth is scanty and dwarfed. Yellow and White Pine and Red 
Fir are the predominant trees and constitute the principal timber. As 
in most other parts of this region, Cottonwood borders the streams. 
Some claims have been taken under the timber-culture act, trees being 
cultivated with the aid of irrigation. 
MADISON COUNTY. 
(Total area, 4,500 square miles, estimated forest area, 900 square miles. ) 
Madison County is situated near the southwest corner of the Terri- 
tory. Its area embraces mountains, valley and grazing land in almost 
equal proportions. The Jefferson and Madison are its principal rivers. 
The forests, composed chiefly of Red Fir and White Pine, grow upon 
the mountain ranges, which have quite general distribution throughout 
the county. The Fir reaches a size of 10 to 40 inches in diameter of 
trunk, while the Pine is much smaller, rarely exceeding 12 inches in 
diameter. Cottonwood fringes the streams. About one-fourth of the 
forest growth is good timber, one-fourth young trees and brush, and 
the remainder made waste by burning. 
It is said that forest fires occur every fall in the dry season. 
Trees are grown to a limited extent, and with indifferent success, on 
timber-culture claims, with the aid of irrigation. 
Some loss of life and property by avalanches is reported. 

