164 
16.—WuitEt Fir. “BAnsAmM Fir. BuLack BALSAM. (Abies concolor, 
Lindl. and Gordon.) 
Found in New Mexico and southern Colorado (westward in central 
Utah, northern Arizona, southern California to Oregon). It is most 
abundant along the Pacific coast, occupying moist slopes and canyons, 
between 3,000 and 9,000 feet elevation. It commonly grows to a height 
of 100 feet, with a diameter of 4 feet and over. The wood is soft, very 
light, and little used for lumber, except in temporary constructions, and 
for domestic purposes. 
Description.—Leaves $ to 2, sometimes 3 inches long, thick to thin, flat, blunt to 
awl-pointed, or slightly notched at the tip; in two ranks, chiefly on the upper side 
of the branchlets; pale green, whitish beneath. Cones nearly sessile, 2? to 5. 
inches long, and 1} to 2} inches in diameter; ovate, cylindrical, pale green, dull pur- 
ple, or light reddish brown; scales { to 14 inches broad. Bark light gray. Branches 
quite regularly in whorls. 
17.—WESTERN HEMLOCK. (Tsuga Mertensiana, Carriere.) 
A Western representative of the Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga Cana- 
densis Carr.), but much larger and with finer-grained wood. It ranges 
from western Montana westward to the Pacific coast, and north of the — 
United States boundary; southward on coast thrcugh northern Cali- 
fornia, forming large forests at elevations between 1,000 and 4,000 feet. 
Itis quite adaptive in point of soil conditions, thriving on poor dry ridges, 
but prefers a moist soil. Probably reaches its greatest development in 
Oregon and Washington Territory; 180 feet high, and 6 to 8 feet in 
diameter. The wood is rather heavy, hard, and quite free from resin, but 
somewhat lacking in strength; employed to some extent for coarse 
lumber, while the bark supplies an important demand for tanning. 
Description.—Leaves flat, very narrow, 4 to } of an inch long, blunt at the top, 
tapering suddenly to a slender stem (petiole). Cones ovate-cylindrical, 5 to ? of an 
inch long, light brown, with delicate pubescence; sscale few (and much longer than 
those of Tsuga Canadensis). Crownroundish to somewhat conical; branchlets numer- 
ous, slender, drooping. 
18.—Tsuga Pattoniana, Engelm. 
An alpine species having about the same range as the Western Hem. 
lock (Tsuga Mertensiana, Carr.). It occupies dry slopes and ridges be- 
tween 2,700 and 10,000 feet, but is reduced to a shrub as it approaches 
the timber-line. The wood is light and soft. 
Description.—Leaves ¥ to ? of an inch long, abont four-angled, rather sharp-pointed, 
or blunt tapering to a stem at base. Cones 2 to 3 inches long, cylindrical-ovate. 
Bark thick, much cracked, reddish-gray ; branchlets pubescent. 
19.—DoUGLAS SPRUCE. “RED SPRUCE.” YELLOW FIR. RED FIR. 
OREGON PINE. (Pseudotsuga Douglasii, Carriere.) 
A remarkably large and one of the most important timber trees, 
quite generally distributed throughout the Rocky Mountain region 

