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northern tier of States to the Atlantic), attaining its largest size in 
latter range. The wood is light, soft, and of no special value except for 
fuel. 
Description.—Leaves compound, composed of from 34 to 73 pairs of leaflets, the lat- 
ter varying in length from 13 to 3 inches, and in width from 3 to nearly 1 inch (ex- 
ceptionally 14 inches wide); mestly ovate-oblong or lance-shaped, and tapering sud- 
denly to a short point at either end, or rounded at the top; margin sharply toothed 
(sometimes with teeth of two sizes), smooth. Fruit abundant, in flat clusters, berry- 
like, red, globular, 4 of an inch in diameter; together with the bark sometimes used 
officinally. 
BLACK-FRUITED HAWTHORNS. 
53.—Crategus rivularis, Nuttall. 
A shrub or small tree sometimes attaining a height of 10 to 20 feet, 
with a diameter of 3 to 10 inches. It occurs in the mountain ranges of 
Idaho, Montana, Utah, Colorado, to southern New Mexico (Pinos Altos 
Mountains), forming impenetrable growths along water courses and on 
the borders of swamps (it is found also in eastern Oregon, Washing- 
ton Territory, and north of the United States boundary). The wood is 
hard, heavy, and tough. : 
Description. —Leaves ovate to lance-ovate, 1 to 3 inches long, ? to 2 inches wide, 
more or less wedge-shaped at the base, blunt or sharp-pointed; entire margin often 
with fine and coarse teeth, but chiefly confined to the upper part; smooth above, or 
with few delicate hairs, especially on the veins; pale below. Fruit blackish, 2 inch 
in diameter. Thorns few, rather short and thick, 4 to 1d inches long; seeds (nutlets) 
prominently ridged on the back. Generally much branched. 
54.—Crategus Douglasti, Lindley. 
The most westerly of the thorns, occurring in Idaho, western Mon- 
tana (and from northern California to Washington Territory and north 
of United States boundary). Sometimes 30 feet bigh and 10 inches in 
diameter. It prefers a Somewhat moist sandy soil, forming dense 
thickets along streams and in valleys, reaching its largest size on the 
Pacific coast (Oregon) but chiefly a shrub in the Rocky Mountain region. 
The wood is heavy, hard, and tough, being locally used for wedges, 
mauls, ete. 
Description.—Leaves 1} to 4 inches long, ¢ to 2} inches wide, oblong-ovate to 
broadly ovate, with rounded, somewhat wedge-shaped, or sharply-tapering base; 
rounded or sharp pointed; entire margin sometimes with fine sharp teeth, or more 
often with large teeth above, which are themselves entire or finely toothed; smooth 
on the upper surface, or with few delicate silky hairs; pale beneath. Young branch- 
lets and leaf-stalks woolly. Fruit 2 of an inch in diameter, black-purple, sweet, 
edible; often collected and eaten by the Indians; seeds (nutlets) strongly ridged on 
the back. Thorns short and strong, ? to 1? inches long. 
55.—BLACK THORN. PEAR THORN oR HAW. (Cratagus tomentosa, 
Linn.) ~ 
One of the most widely distributed of the North American Thorns, 
varying much, and in size from a low shrub to a tree sometimes 30 feet 

