182 
and much smaller as it oecurs on the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky — 
Mountains of Montana than in its more eastern range—central, north — 
central, and northeastern States; here, being especially well developed — 
on rich bottom-lands and prairies, sometimes reaching a height of 100 
feet with a diameter of 4 to 6 feet. The wood is heavy, hard, and 
tough, and the most durable of any of our oaks. In its Roeky Mount- 
ain range it is scarcely of any economic importance, but eastward is ex- 
tensively employed for carriage- and wagon-stock, agricultural imple- 
ments, lumber, tie-timber, posts, ete. 
Description.—Leaves ovate, broader above or oblong in outline, tapering rather 
sharply at the base, 4 to 10 inches long, and 2 to 6 inches wide, more or less deeply 
lobed (3 to 6 pairs), the latter entire or with shallow blunt teeth or sub-divisions; 
young shoots minutely downy, as are the young leaves above and below, though 
usually becoming smooth on the upper surface at maturity. Acorns large, broadly 
ovate, solitary or in pairs (on strong footstalks an inch long), nearly or quite envel- 
oped-by a thick, scaly, mossy-fringed cup, together ? to 14 inches long and 3 tol inch 
in diameter. 
69.—“ EVERGREEN OAK.” “Live OAK.” (Quercus oblongifolia 
Torrey.) 
A small tree of little economic value, found along the foot-hills of the 
mountain ranges of southern Arizona and New Mexico (southward 
into Mexico; also on the foot-hills of the San Gabriel Mountains, south- 
ern California). Twenty to 40 feet high, and $ to 24 feet in diameter. 
The wood is very heavy and hard, but brittle; the largest trees are apt 
to be hollow, and hence seldom used except as fuel. 
Description.—Leaves evergreen, leathery, 1 to 2 (exceptionally 3) inches long, and 
4 to 1 inch wide, chiefly oblong, sometimes ovate-oblong, rounded or slightly heart- 
shaped at the base, rounded or pointed at the tip ; margin entire or with afew shallow, 
distant, and usually sharp teeth; smooth above, minutely downy below, but less so 
in old leaves; young shoots and short leaf-stems velvety. Acorns sessile, or on very 
short stems, solitary or two to three together, ovate or oblong, $ to ?, sometimes 1 
inch long; eups hemispherical, with tuberculate scales. 
70.—WHITE OAK. (Quercus grisea, Liebmann.) 
A tree 40 to 60 feet in height and 1 to 14 feet in diameter, or a low | 
shrub, ranging through the mountains of southern Colorado, southern — 
New Mexico, at elevations between 5,000 and 10,000 feet (westward 
through southern Arizona to Colorado River, southern California, and 
southward through northern Mexico). Jtather rare in parts of its | 
range. The wood is exceedingly heavy, bard, and strong, but the large- a 
sized trees are too often hollow and almost useless for timber. 
Description.—A variable species presenting many forms, the position of which is 
difficult to determine; approximations to closely allied species are especially fre- 
quent in the shape and character of the leaves. Leaves ? to 2} inches long, and}? | 
to 1 inch wide, ovate, oblong, or narrowly elliptical in outline, rounded or somewhat | 
heait-shaped at the base, pointed or rounded at the apex; margin entire, undulates — 
toothed to that with sharp or prickle-pointed teeth (var. pungens, Engelm.); young 

