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move them down ana press with them against the sides of the breast, © 
repeating the process sixteen to twenty times a minute. 
This treatment should be continued for twenty to thirty minutes if 
necessary, While rubbing the patient vigorously with flannel or woolen 
cloth, in the direction from feet and hands toward the body. 
Besides absence of respiration, cold and hunger may add to the 
causes of asphyxia. Int such cases, too, artificial respiration is first to be 
supplied. The warming should be only gradual, never in a warm room, 
or with heated bottles, but always by rubbing. 
When the body becomes warm the danger in nose, ears, hands and feet 
of a surplus of blood or of impeded blood-circulation is avoided by cold 
compresses, by rubbing with snow, ard elevating the affected parts. 
As soon as respiration is restored small doses of coffee, tea, or brandy 
should be given. 
MEASURES OF PROTECTION. 
The damage done by avalanches, besides the immediate one of de- 
stroying life and property and devastating meadows and agricultural 
lands, lies in the tearing up of tracks in the ground in the shape or 
rills and furrows, which may beeome the beginnings of dangerous tor- 
rents and land-slides. | 
Those shdes which fall into wild mountain guiches do damage by 
tearing down the decomposed rock and stones, which high water may 
earry to the valley and over fertile fields. 
Measures of protection against avalanches and snow-slides have been 
applied, of course, by the dwellers of the mountains since their occu- 
pancy began. These consisted, where the ground permitted, in placing 
the buildings inte the mountain side, when the avalanche would shoot 
over the building, or by building safety places, where to retreat in case 
of danger. Probably, when by deforestation the danger from ava- 
lanches had increased, a protecting wall or w stone or dirt heap was 
erected, close above the houses which were to be protected, with an 
acute angle towards the mountain top and with wells entering to right 
and left; such protective walls sometimes included a number of houses. 
On the mountain roads galleries were built, either cut into the living 
rock, or with stone or timber, over which the snow masses would slide. 
These measures were intended to prevent the damage from avalanches 
and slides, but to prevent their origin and their start measures were also 
adopted early in this century. Such measures were the making of 
ditches in horizontal lines, to prevent the snow from sliding, or of ter- 
races, and the proper preservation of the forest growth. 
But only since 1867 has a systematic treatment of the avalanches 
been begun under technical direction. Since then, up to the year 188], 
thirty-four tracks of avalanches or snow-slides have been systematically 
secured with perfect success. 
In undertaking such work, it is first necessary to establish from tes- — 
timony the uppermost point from which the avalance has been observed — 


