sah 
other costs incidental to cartage; i.e., greater deterioration and spoilage 
of the fruits and vegetables resulting from the additional handling, 
added exposure to the weather, anc added time in transit. 
The bulk of the movement from the railroad to the chief wholesale re- © 
ceivers was apparently in trucks owned and operated by the receivers, 
However, commercial (for-hire) trucks were used to some extent in most of 
the markets studied. In New York, Philadelphia, and perhaps other cities, 
commercial truckers did a very large proportion of all the hauling from the 
railroads to the wholesale markets, ~- 
In measuring the cost of cartage, it was decided to use the rates 
charged by commercial trucking concerns where possible. One reason is that 
the costs of operating wholesalers! trucks were not generally available. 
Furthermore, wholesalers! trucks also were frequently used to effect de- 
liveries to retailers; the costs of the movement from the railroads to the 
wholesalers! platforms would therefore be estimates based upon more or less 
arbitrary allocation of.costs, Commercial trucking charges were obtained 
for all of the cities.covered by the study except for Atlanta, Dallas, Los 
Angeles, and Washington, where wholesalers as a rule used their own trucks. 
For the latter cities, estimates of costs of wholesalers! own trucks were 
obtained (see table 2), 
Cartage costs of both commercial and private truckers were obtained 
through the facilities of the Market News Branch: 
Trucking Charges 
The over-the-road truck rates used in this analysis applied to carriers 
operating trucks exempt from the rate and service regulation of the Inter- 
state Commerce Commission. Such exempt trucks handled by far the bulk of 
the movement of fresh fruits and vegetables from Florida, in the opinion of 
traffic experts familiar with the situation. 
The rates were obtained from rate sheets issued by motor carriers and 
truck brokers, In most cases these two sources issued identical point—to- 2 
point rates, But in a limited number of cases there were differences of x: 
5 to 10 cents a package, in which case the lower of the two rates was used 
on the assumption that it would be the controlling charge in a competitive 
situation, Truck brokers themselves do not furnish transportation, but 
confine their activities to making arrangements for transportation with 
shippers and motor carriers. : ae 
The truck rates used here inelude charges for refrigeration, where that - 
service is necessary, No minimum weights were specified in the truck tar- . 
iffs, Both small and large shipments could be made at the rates quoted. 
The truck rates were generally quoted on a per package basis: per 
bushel, per box, etc. To obtain direct comparisons with railroad rates these . 
truck rates were converted to a per 100-pound basis. This was done hy using | 
the estimated weights per package in railroad tariffs. es: 
