15 



expressed in decimals and represents aritlimeticaUy the form of the 

 stems. 



For instance, if we take a tree of 22 inches diameter and 82 feet in 

 height (fig. 8), whose volume by careful measurement we have found 

 to be 93,1 cubic feet, we determine its form arithmetically or its factor 

 of shape by dividing the volume of t^e tree by the volume of a cylinder 

 of the same dimensions, which is 216.5 cubic feet. The factor of shape 



QQ 1 



is, therefore, -,=0.43. That means that the volume of the tree is 

 21o.o 



forty- three hundredths of the volume of a cylinder of the same diameter 

 and height. Applying this method when factors of shape have been 

 determined by a number of previous measurements, the diameter and 

 height of the tree are measured, the volume of the corresponding cylin- 

 der found, and that volume multiplied by the factor of shape in order 

 to obtain the cubic contents of the tree. This method gives more 

 accurate results than those obtained from calculations of geometrical 

 forms which the stems of the trees are supposed to represent. The 

 factors of shape of a species may be determined from a number of 

 accurate measurements of the volume of felled trees. 



Below we give the factors of shape for white pine when situated in a 

 moderately dense forest. They are based upon 722 individual trees, 

 which, being felled, were measured and the results collated in the 

 Division of Forestry, with a view of determining the rate of growth of 

 the species : 



Diameter 

 at breast 

 height. 



Corre- 

 sponding 

 factors of 



shape. 



Diameter 

 at breast 

 height. 



Corre- 

 sponding 

 factors of 



shape. 



Diameter 

 at breast 

 height. 



Corre- 

 sponding 

 factors of 



fthape. 



Diameter 

 at breast 

 height. 



Corre- 

 sponding 

 factors of 



shape. 



Inches. 

 6 

 7 

 8 

 9 

 10 

 11 

 12 

 13 

 14 

 15 

 16 



0.51 

 0.50 

 0.50 

 0.49 

 0.49 

 0.48 

 0.48 

 0.48 

 0.47 

 0.47 

 0.46 



Inches. 

 17 

 18 

 19 

 20 

 21 

 22 

 23 

 24 

 25 

 26 

 27 



0.46 

 0.45 

 0.44 

 0.44 

 0.43 

 0.43 

 0.42 

 0.42 

 0.42 

 0.42 

 0.42 



Inches 

 28 

 29 

 30 

 31 

 32 

 33 

 34 

 35 

 36 

 37 

 38J 



\ 



0.42 

 0.41 



0.40 



Inches. 



391 

 40 

 41 

 42 

 43 

 44 

 45J 

 46 





0.40 

 0.39 



It is seen that for a pine from 29 to 36 inches in diameter the factor of 

 shape is 0.41. Suppose we are to determine the volume of a standing 

 white pine of 31 inches in diameter, breast high, and 130 feet in height. 

 The volume of a cylinder of 31 inches in diameter and 130 feet high is 

 equal to 681.4 cubic feet. Multiplying 681.4 by the factor of shape 

 (0.41) we determine the volume of the tree to be 279.4 cubic feet. 



MEASUREMENT OP FELLED TREES. 

 HEIGHT A]S:D diameter MEASURINa. 



The height of a felled tree is measured either by a tape (a steel tape 

 measure being most accurate) or by a measuring pole from 4 to 8 feet 

 long. The diameter of a felled tree at any given place is measured by 



