60 WESTERN YELLOW PINE IN ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. 
pounds of crude gum. Mr. Betts’s deduction is that this is equal to © 
an average of 23 barrels of dip at each dipping, to a crop of 10,000 
cups; the average yield on the Florida National Forest is 25 to 30 
barrels. Further experiments will begin earlier and be on a larger 
scale, but the results this far indicate that the amount and quality 
of turpentine and resin does not differ greatly from the average of 
the Southeast. 
CONSERVATIVE LUMBERING ON PRIVATE LANDS. 
The common question of the lumberman operating in yellow pine, 
“Will it pay me from a financial standpoint to practice forestry,” 
can be answered in the affirmative. Just how much it will pay will 
depend, of course, upon the conditions under which each individual 
lumberman operates. The lumberman’s chief loss is undoubtedly 
through fire. Manifestly, then, it will pay him to protect his timber 
from fire and to use reasonable precautions in his logging opera- 
tions. To burn oil in his engines and to see that his steam skidders 
and donkey engines are provided with suitable spark arresters may 
be the means of preventing large and irreparable losses. Close 
utilization is undoubtedly wise from a financial standpoint. While 
the lumberman may not care to work his trees to a 6 or 8 inch top 
diameter unless the product can be marketed for small stulls, nar- 
row-gauge ties, lagging, and the like, it would certainly be profitable 
to cut western yellow pine to a top diameter inside the bark of from 
§ to 10 inches. Dead timber can be closely utilized, and one of the 
largest manufacturers in Arizona is now doing this. The loss from 
waste in the woods is often ignored, since by permitting waste the 
cost of logging is slightly reduced. A loss of 10 per cent on the 
original product will decrease the hfe of a manufacturing establish- 
ment and take away 5 years from a 50-year undertaking, while the 
cost of equipment must be distributed over 45 years instead of 50, 
a factor to be reckoned with in considering profits. 
A problem which always confronts the owner of private land is” 
whether to log it clean or leave enough timber on the ground for a 
second cut. Manifestly, a small tree yields a disproportionately 
small amount of lumber. A yellow pine 28 inches in diameter breast 
high, cutting four 16-foot logs, scales 950 board feet, while a black- 
jack 14 inches in diameter breast high scales but 70 feet and will 
yield nothing but a few ties, a couple of stulls, or a knotty saw log. 
By comparing the volumes of the two trees it is apparent that that 
of the 28-inch tree is more than 13 times greater than that of the 
14-inch tree, though the diameter of one is only double that of the 
other. Small timber, moreover, yields products of poor quality and 
costs more to log and to saw at the mill. Consequently, the lumber- 
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