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almost always a member of mixed woods, often joining the White 
Pine, rarely forming thickets by itself (on some burned areas in Forest 
County). . It is cut for chair stock, etc., but 90 per cent of all White 
Birch is too small for present markets. 
The Butternut is sparingly scattered over the better loam lands (as 
far north as the Iron Range). occurs isolated, rarely in small groups, 
and, though it grows to good size, its distribution here seems uncertain 
and accidental. 
The Beech is restricted to the sandy loam lands of the Green Bay 
region and invades but the edges of the real loam or clay lands of 
northern Oconto and Shawano counties. Wherever seen it appears to 
thrive, is abundant in all sizes, and evidently reproduces well. 
Throughout the hard-wood forests all stages from the seedling to the 
old and decaying timber trees, are represented. In some cases the 
stand of old mature timber is quite heavy and undergrowth and 
sapling timber restricted, generally the mature trees are in the minor- 
ity, standing scattered 10 to 20 per acre, and the greater part of the 
ground is occupied by young trees, small saplings, and bushy or 
withy beginners. The undergrowth is generally composed of young 
trees, and distinct kinds or species performing this function are few, 
often wanting. All kinds of hard woods reproduce actively, as is well 
illustrated in numerous windfalls and abandoned clearings, where 
dense thickets of mixed hard woods occupy every foot of ground. 
Abundance of seed and ability to stand shade enable the Maple to 
predominate among the young growth, even where it holds but third 
rank and less as a timber tree. Conspicious among the young growth, 
without ever attaining the size of log timber, are the Blue Beech, 
Striped Maple, and, somewhat less abundant, the Hop Hornbeam. As 
a common underbrush proper on both loam and sandy soils may be 
mentioned only the Hazel, and, to a much smaller degree, the Dogwood 
(Cornel) and Wild Red (Pin) Cherry, the latter becoming really con- 
Spicuous only on the burned lands. The willows are quite abundant 
as scattering brushwood on open places, and occur on the dry sandy as 
wellas clay lands. Alderreplaces the large willows along many of the 
streams and in some swamps, it is never more than a bush, but as such 
forms characteristic alder brakes. 
The scrubby hard woods of the openings consist almost exclusively 
of-oaks. Varieties of both White and Red Oaks (particularly Bur, 
White, and Red Oak) grow here into bushy dwarfs 15 to 25 feet high, 
4 to 12 inches in diameter, branching out almost from their very base. 
These scrub oaks occasionally form thickets, but generally stand too 
far apart to prevent a ground cover of grass and weeds. 
Since it occupies the better soils, the area of the hard wood forest 
will naturally continue to be diminished as the country settles, and the 
present supply will be reduced at a rate quite independent of hard wood 
lumbering. Nevertheless, the difficulty of clearing, comparative safety 
