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forest, generally on gravelly, gray loam. This mixed forest is inter- 
rupted and dotted with numerous bodies of pine lands, where the Hem- 
lock and hard wood almost disappear. The pine is mostly cut; about 
500,000,000 feet B. M. are still claimed as standing. The hard woods 
and Hemlock are unculled and but little hurt by fires, except about — 
the pine slashings. With 4,000 feet per acre of well-stocked woods, 
there are about 500,000,000 feet B. M. of Hemlock and 1,000,000,000 feet 
of hard woods, of which Birch and Basswood form about 60 per cent. 
As in the neighboring counties, a little Red Oak occurs in Forest 
County, but it is thinly scattered over the entire county and would 
hardly form more than 2 per cent of the cut. Many of the swamps are 
open bogs, the rest are generally stocked, and the swamp timbers, 
Cedar, Tamarack, and Spruce amount to fully 300,000,000 feet. Nearly 
all pine slashings are burned bare, so that a considerable amount of 
waste land occurs. 
Iron OCounty.—The southern one-fourth is a flat loamy-sand pinery 
of the same nature and continuous with that of Vilas and the north- 
east corner of Price County. The rest is a loam and clay land area 
with a mixed forest of hard woods, Pine, and Hemlock. On the range 
the hard woods and Hemlock predominated and Pine was scattering; 
otherwise the Pine formed a heavy mixture everywhere. The numerous 
swamps, especially abundant in the southern half of the county, are 
generally stocked with Cedar, Tamarack, and some Spruce, and these 
woods also invade more or less the low, flat portions of the ordinary 
woods, which are not really swamp. At present the Pine is cut from 
parts of all townships, some of them being pretty well cleaned out, and 
the standing pine timber is estimated at only about 400,000,000 feet. 
The hard woods and Hemlock have been cut clean on a small area 
about the mines, but otherwise remain unculled and not badly hurt by 
fire. The standing Hemlock is estimated at about 350,000,000 feet, and 
the hard woods at about the same. Of these, Birch, Basswood, and 
Maple predominate. 
Jackson County.—The western half is a sandy loam district almost 
entirely occupied by oak openings mixed on some tracts of heavier soil 
with bodies of better hard-wood timber. The eastern half is a level, 
sandy pinery, with many swamps and no hard-wood timber. This area 
furnished considerable Pine, but is now largely cut and burned over, 
and only about 100,000,000 feet of Pine is claimed to be standing. 
Numerous small and large bodies of young sapling Pine and also of 
Jack Pine interrupt the extensive bare wastes. The swamps, which 
are generally bare of merchantable material, were formerly stocked 
chiefly with Tamarack, but have been cleaned out by repeated fires. 
Langlade County.—This county is covered by a continuous mixed 
forest of hard woods and Hemlock, in which Pine occurred both scat- 
tered and in denser bodies in patches and belts, which, unlike those of 
Marathon, do not always follow drainage courses. The Pine is prac- 
