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4. TAMARACK: 
Tamarack (Larix laricina) is the common swamp tree of north Wisconsin. It 
forms dense groves of pure growth, mixes with Cedar (Arborvite) and Spruce, 
remains small] in the swamps of the ‘‘openings,” but reaches a fair size (80 to 
90 feet in height) in the swamps of the forest region proper; of secondary 
value. 
5. SPRUCE: 
Spruce, White Spruce, Cat Spruce (Picea canadensis), and Black Spruce (Picea 
mariana) are small, shrubby half trees on the moss-covered bogs, and small to 
medium-sized trees on the better-timbered swamps and the more humid portions of 
the loam and gravel land mixed forests. No distinction of species is made in using 
the wood, the logger’s distinction of White and Black Spruce referring to quality 
of wood merely. The Spruce occur in all parts, but are most abundant in the 
northern and eastern counties. 
6. BALSAM: 
Balsam Fir, in this region, commonly called Balsam (Abies balsamea), is a small 
tree growing scattered in nearly all parts of the mixed forest. 
II. BROAD-LEAVED TREES (HARD WOODs). 
1. BASSwoopD: 
Basswood (Tilia americana) is a rather tall, long-shafted tree, common in all 
hard-wood forests; one of the most useful and best developed. 
2. BIRCH: 
(a) Yellow Birch (Betula lutea) (also called erroneously ‘‘ Red Birch,” ‘ Black 
Birch,” and ‘“‘ White Birch,” when in the log to distinguish character of wood) 
is predominant in the hard-wood forest within the Hemlock area, grows on all 
loam and clay lands, bit rarely enters the regular pinery. Though it is here 
assumed that the Birch generally pronounced Yellow Birch is truly the Betula 
lutea, this can not be considered as settled since the imperfect botanical dis- 
tinctions between Betula lenta and Betula lutea render it difficult, if not 
impossible, to distinguish these two species. 
How far the true Sweet (or Red) Birch ( Betula lenta) replaces the Yellow Birch 
is as yet not certain. The woodsmen do not distinguish except by the wood, 
and thus their classification is mainly one of quality of timber and not of 
species. 
(b) Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera), commonly called White Birch, but not to 
be confounded with the true White Birch (Betula populifolia). The Paper 
Birch is the characteristic hard-wood tree of the fresher sandy soils, is always 
small, grows best in the northern counties, does not thrive on the poorer sandy 
‘‘barrens,” occasionally forms small thickets, is generally mixed with Pine 
and along Green Bay with Arborvite. Like Aspen, it enters extensively in 
the brush cover of many cut-over bare lands, but thrives cnly where consider- 
able sand is present in the soil. 
3. ELM: 
(a) White Elm (Ulmus americana) is a tall, long-shafted tree common in all hard- 
wood forests. 
(6) Cork Elm (Ulmus racemosa), commonly called Rock Elm, replaces to quite 
an extent the preceding species in many localities, and probably forms near 
30 per cent of all Elm of the region. 
A “Bastard” Elm, with the foliage of White Elm and the bark of Cork Elm, is 
often noted by the woodsmen. 
(c) Slippery Elm (Ulmus pubescens) occurs sparingly in parts of this region; is 
unimportant, 
