39 
men being used only to pine but not to hard woods. To this must be 
added lack of time, the work usually being too hurried, and also the 
fact that most of the work is done for certain kinds (Oak, Basswood, 
Elm, ete.) and usually includes only choice material, the peculiarities 
of the hard-wood market naturally reacting even on the matter of 
estimates. Generally the yields are estimated at from 80,000 to 150,000 
feet per 40 acres, or 2,000 to 4,000 per acre tor fair to good lands, and 
from 25,000 to 50,000 feet per 40 acres for the poorer lands and the 
northern lake districts. Some townships in Wood and Marathon coun- 
ties are known to have cut over 100,000,000 feet B. M. per town, or 
nearly 5,000 feet B. M. per acre for the total area, swamp and all. 
Smaller districts, as some forests in Shawano and Langlade counties, 
cut from 10,000 to 15,000 feet B. M. per acre, but these must be regarded 
as exceptions. 
The amount of standing hard wood and Hemlock is determined by 
ascertaining the area of fairly stocked woodland, excluding swamp 
lands, then settling on the yield per acre or forty, and finally estimat- 
ing their relative proportions. The determination of the area is the 
weakest point. The yields for all principal localities are based on 
wholesale estimates and results of actual operations. Thus the eut 
per township or for a number of sections, also the estimates of lumber- 
ing and railway companies, besides the detailed experience of several 
hundred men, are considered, and the results weighed by comparing 
the growth in different localities. 
The proportions of Hemlock and hard wood and the different kinds 
of hard woods among themselves are ascertained in the same manner. 
There exist for all principal localities extensive detailed estimates 
(those of the Chicago Northwestern Railway and those made for sev- 
eral years by Mr. Ben. Hall, of Marinette, are models of this kind), of 
which a number were examined, and in addition the views of different 
operators were compared. To most persons the figures of yield will 
probably seem high and, in truth, 6,000 feet per acre, or 240,000 feet 
per forty, does appear like a large amount, even for the best counties, 
but it must not be forgotten that here all kinds of timber, Birch, Maple, 
Elm, ete., and also all sizes above 12 inches, and for Oak and Hemlock, 
even tie sizes, are considered merchantable, and also that waste and 
swamp areas are excluded, and thus only the acres of well-stocked land 
enter into consideration. Those who consider the yield as taken too low 
(and there will be many of these) will bear in mind that merchantable 
saw timber in hard woods and Hemlock at present 1s quite a different 
thing from Pine, and also that both hard woods and Hemlock are short- 
bodied, have been injured by fire, and involve in all old stands a heavy 
per cent of defective material. 
