35 
In all favorable localities it cuts about three and farther northward 
about two logs per tree. Being generally mixed with hard woods in 
very variable proportions, the yield of Hemlock varies within wide 
limits. Mature stands of pure growth yield 500,000 feet and over per 
40 acres. To cut 200,000 feet requires good Hemlock land, and gen- 
erally, where large areas are considered and the Hemlock forms 40 to 
60 per cent of the total cut (Pine being removed), yields of 100,000 
to 150,000 feet per 40 acres may be expected. The present supply of 
Hemlock is generally much underestimated. This is partly due to the 
fact that large quantities have been killed by fire and exposure to wind 
and sun and partly to market conditions which have prevented a 
proper appreciation of this product. Generally Hemlock was not 
estimated at all, or only the larger and best trees considered. Accord- 
ing to the best information, there are standing at present nearly 
12,000,000,000 feet of Hemlock saw timber, and this estimate is, in the 
opinion of the writer, still 25 per cent below the real truth. The dis- 
tribution of this supply over the several counties is given in Table on 
page 73, and whatever may be said of the total, the figures are believed to 
fairly represent the relative proportions. In places Hemlock is exten- 
sively peeled for its bark, considerable quantities are cut into lumber, 
chiefly dimension stuff, some of it is used as pulp, but in general it is 
not yet appreciated, so that neither stumpage nor logs can readily be 
sold, and millions of feet are wasting in the woods. The ability of the 
Hemlock to endure crowding and shading is more than offset by its 
slow growth and its demands on soil, so that this tree deserves but a 
secondary place in the forest of the future. 
ARBORVIT (CEDAR). 
Arborvite or Cedar in Wisconsin is practically limited to the moister 
hemlock area, but, unlike the Hemlock, it continues through Douglas 
County into Minnesota, where it is a common tree throughout the 
humid forest region. Generally the Cedar (Arborvitz) is limited to the 
swamps, but, as in parts of Minnesota and Michigan, it also invades 
the ordinary forests. In many swamps it is wanting, frequently it is 
the sole occupant. More commonly, however, it is mixed with ‘’ama- 
rack, some Spruce, and often a few scattered hard woods. It forms dense 
thickets, reproduces well, grows rather slowly, is generally under 18 
inches breast high and less than 60 feet in height. The older trees are 
normally defective at the butt. The yield of Cedar is extremely vari- 
able and difficult to estimate. As the tree is salable down to 4 and even 
3 inches, the yield is generally great wherever the swamps have not 
been burned. <A total of 1,300,000,000 feet B. M., the equivalent of 
2,600,000 cords, may be regarded as a very conservative estimate. 
Cedar (Arborvite) is cut for posts, poles (both telegraph and tele- 
phone), ties, and shingle timber. Wherever near highways Cedar finds 
good market. The logging is generally done on small scale, and exact 
figures for total cut are therefore not accessible. 
