28 
on ‘‘pine slashings” or spots where quite a body of pine had occurred 
and had been removed. On the lighter, gravelly loam and sandy loam 
soils, where the pine formed a heavier admixture, the remaining Hem- 
lock and hard-woods are badly damaged and often over extensive tracts 
(parts of Price, Chippewa, Sawyer, and Washburn counties) entirely 
killed. In most of the pinery areas proper (Oneida, Marinette, Wash- 
burn, near lake at Ashland and Bayfield, and in Douglas County) the 
repeated fires have largely cleared the lands of all the slashings. In 
these districts large tracts of bare wastes, ‘‘stump prairies,” where the 
ground is sparsely covered with weeds and grass, sweet fern, and a 
few scattering runty bushes of scrub oak, Aspen, and White Birch, 
alternate with thickets of small pine (often Jack Pine) which in spite 
of repeated fires have escaped destruction or have reestablished them- 
selves. Nor have these changes been restricted to the upland forests. 
The swamps, too, of every county have suffered from fires, and it is in 
the dense tamarack aud cedar swamps of the sandy areas where some 
of the worst fires have had their start, and where the most complete 
destruction has taken place (as in Oneida, Price, Chippewa, and Mari- 
nette counties). 
In the accompanying map an attempt is made to show the present 
forest conditions as well as to give some notion of the former extent and 
character of these woods. Theareas of pinery proper, distinguished by 
red color, represent the pine forests of almost pure growth, without mer- 
chantable hard woods and Hemlock, covering the sandy districts of this 
region. The island tracts of mixed forest on heavier soil are not 
shown, and in the same way the numerous small tracts of regular pinery 
scattered through the great body of mixed forest, particularly along the 
rivers, were left out partly for sake of clearness and partly because their 
exact limits were not ascertained. 
The hard wood mixed forest, distinguished by green color in three 
shades, to indicate differences of density or yield, is divided by a red 
line into two parts, the Hemlock and Birch area on the north and east 
of this line and the Oak woods west and south. 
The existence of pine is indicated by red signs, the plus sign (+) 
being used where it still exists in considerable quantities, the minus 
sign (—) where it has been cut out. 
Where pine predominated, the signs of the red circle with and with- 
out a cross, denoting present and former conditions, are employed. 
Where the hard woods are largely cut, culled, or destroyed by fire, 
the minus sign in black is used, while Jack Pine and Jack Oak are in 
all cases indicated, the one by red and the other by green (V sign). 
CONIFEROUS SUPPLIES. 
The conifers, particularly pine, formed solid, almost pure forests, over 
more than 30 per cent of the area under consideration, besides hundreds 
of groves of smaller extent scattered throughout the entire area of mixed 
