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and, locally, some Jack Pine. This is now practically all cut, and repeated fires have 
cleared the greater part of all forest cover, leaving the ground covered by Break, 
Sweet Fern, and bushy Scrub Oak and Poplar, neither of which seems capable to 
form a tree under these conditions. A number of fire-damaged groves of sapling 
and small Pine interrupt these tracts of barren lands. 
VIIL.. FOREST GROWTH. 
A, Timber lands, i. €., from which little or no timber has been taken. 
(a) Originally: Mixed forest, 75 per cent of area; in which Pine, 40 per cent; 
hard woods, 30 per cent; Hemlock, 30 per cent. Pine woods, 14 per cent of area; 
swamps, 9 per cent of area; lakes and rivers, 2 per cent of area. 
(b) At present: 
1. Hardwoods: 
Of these, proportion in mixed forest 
Oak, 3 per cent, nearly all Red Oak; Elm, 20 per cent, nearly half Rock Elm; Ash, 
5 per cent, nearly all Black Ash; Maple, 15 per cent: Basswood, 25 per cent; Birch, 
30 per cent; White Birch and Poplar, 2 per cent. 
Size and quality vary with the soil. Maple is very abundant, but much is defect- 
ive. Hickory, Blue Beech, Hop Hornbeam, and Butternut occur. 
The standing Pine suitable for ordinary logging is placed at about 75,000,000 feet. 
To this must be added large quantities of scattered material which is being logged, 
chiefly by farmers, in a small way, and which will swell the total cut easily to 
250,000,000 feet B. M. 
2. Mixed conifers, with or without hard woods, 345,000 acres; yield, 6,000 feet per 
acre; Hemlock, 50 per cent; quality, good; diameter, 18 inches; height, 85 feet; 
hard woods, 50 per cent; quality, common; diameter, 18 inches; height, 70 feet; 
Hemlock is good, cuts 23-3 logs per tree, 10 logs per 1,000 feet; hard woods, short- 
bodied, 2 logs per tree, 6-8 logs per 1,000 feet; White and Norway Pine mostly cut. 
Undergrowth and soil cover: Humus, not deep; moss, bare. The undergrowth is 
formed of young trees, Bush Maple, Hazel, Dogwood, also small Blue Beech, Horn- 
beam, and Balsam. 
3. Swamp forests, 30,000 acres; yield, 3 M feet, or 6 cords; Tamarack, 50 per cent; 
height, 80 feet; diameter, 12 inches; White Cedar, 40 per cent; height, 50 feet; 
diameter, 16 inches: Spruce, 10 per cent; height, 50 feet; diameter, 12 inches. The 
Swamps are generally stocked, many have suffered from fire, and many have trees 
of *‘all one size,” and all too small to use, so that the yield, when large areas are 
considered, is not very great. 
B. Cut-over lands, i. e., where most or all valuable timber has been removed. 
. Total, 158,000 acres. 
Tracts owned in quantities of over 160 acres,— 
. Land not burned over, but no merchantable timber left, 100,000 acres. 
. Land burned over recently and waste, 58,000 acres. 
Land stocked with young growth of Pine, 10,000 acres. 
Ol Re Wh eH 
Of this— 
White Pine, 80 per cent, with Poplar; Norway, 20 per cent, with Poplar; Birch 
and Poplar found on all slashiugs, but of no promise. 
White Pine is 1 to 20 feet high, grows thriftily; Norway Pine is 1 to 20 feet high, 
grows thriftily. Some very promising little groves occur about Merrill. 
6. On these lands there is generally much fallen timber of all sizes; the humus is 
burned off. The soil is covered with débris, Poplar brush, and on sandy land by 
Sweet Fern and Cherry. The chance of seeding is poor, often wanting over large 
districts, Danger of fire very great during every dry season, ilelp to fight fires is 
inadequate where most needed. 
2) 
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