^y In the Open— The National Forests of Washington 



DISPOSAL OF REFUSE 



Burn all cooking refuse in the camp fire; it will not affect the cooking. Burn 

 everything — coffee grounds, parings, bones, meat, even old tin cans — for if thrown 

 out anywhere, even buried, they will attract flies. Refuse once burned will not 

 attract flies. 



If burning is impracticable, dig a hole for the refuse, leaving the earth piled 

 up on the edge, and cover every addition with a layer of dirt. 



PACKING 



The pack saddle is firmly cinched; the portions of the outfit are carefully sus- 

 pended upon it; and the whole is secured by a rope with a single hitch, which is so 

 tied as to bind the load to the animal. The usual pack saddle is of the sawbuck 

 type, a-s shown in the illustrations on page 69. Care should be taken in sad- 

 dling the animal. Too many blankets are as bad as not enough, for either cause 

 a sore back. The blanket should be rinsed out in cold water and hung up to dry 

 without wringing. If dried in this manner and carefully folded, it can be kept from 

 wrinkling without much difficulty. The horse's withers should be examined after 

 the saddle is cinched; and if the forks of the saddle are not free, more blankets should 

 be used on the side of the horse under the bottom of the saddle. A single-cinch sad- 

 dle with breeching and breast straps is preferred, although double-cinch saddles 

 are used. The saddle should be kept tightly in place and evenly balanced. 



In figure 10 are shown two canvas pads with leather corners, filled with grass, 

 and cross ribs to support the canvas. Figure 9 shows the underside of this pad and 

 the leather-bound holes in the center for placing over the horns of the saddle. 

 Figure 8 shows the outside of this pad with hardwood rib on each side. If a little 

 care is taken in placing fresh hay in these pads from time to time, sore ribs on pack 

 animals may be prevented. The pads make an excellent protection for the horse 

 in packing supplies in boxes, etc. Bear or elk grass is preferred for filling. 



The rope shown in figure 10 is known as the sling rope and is only to be used 

 where alforjas are not available. Figure 1 1 shows the sawbuck pack-saddle rigged 

 with these sling ropes without the canvas pads. Figure 12 shows how such a sling 

 should be tied. Two half hitches are taken in the middle of the sling rope and 

 dropped over the front cross tree. The ends are then looped over the rear crosstree 



