12 THE CEATEE XATIOXAE EOEEST. 



Besides the species mentioned under the different types, the traveler 

 will meet other species here and there on the Forest. Incense cedar 

 grows over much of it. closely coinciding with sugar pine in range 

 and site, though it will grow on somewhat drier soil. It never grows 

 pure, but holds a subordinate position in mixed stands of other 

 species. It is valuable for posts, especially when fire killed, since in 

 that condition it is more durable than when green. Western hemlock 

 is found along the canyons of the Kogue Eiver and its tributaries, on 

 the Umpqua-Eogue Eiver Divide, and south of Lake o' the Woods; 

 western yew in the dense, moist forests at high altitudes, where it is 

 usually low and shrubby, but highly prized for posts ; willow, aspen, 

 cottonwood, and alder along streams, lakes, and marshes at medium 

 altitudes, the three last finding use as firewood ; and here and there 

 throughout the Forest single individuals and small bodies of alpine, 

 amabilis, and red fir. 



IXSECTS AND DISEASES. 



Over the whole Forest about 60 per cent of the timber is mature, 

 while much is fire scarred and dying. Barkbeetles are at work in 

 the yellow pine throughout the Forest, and during the past 25 years 

 have done much damage to the standing timber of that species. On 

 the area now included within the Forest boundaries the insects have, 

 during that time, killed approximately 18.880.000 feet b. m. of timber, 

 divided as follows: On the east slope. 17.120.000 feet ; on the plateau, 

 3,680.000 feet : on the west slope. 25.680,000 feet : and in the Siskiyous, 

 2.400.000 feet. Many of the older Douglas firs are affected by a dry 

 rot, which appears as white flakes or short streaks throughout the 

 grain. As a rule this starts from the roots or a wound at the base of 

 the tree, and extends upward, so that while the first two or three logs 

 may be affected, the remainder of the tree is sound. This rot is 

 especially common in the Klamath Lake region. "White fir is espe- 

 cially susceptible to decay, and many trees above 10 inches in diameter 

 on the Forest are so rotten as to be valueless even for cordwood. In 

 the cedar a fungus disease known as pencil rot is very common. 

 Sugar pine on the Forest is peculiarly free from insects, though it is 

 often injured by windshake. 



MARKET. 



The largest body of timber on the Forest at present accessible is 

 that growing on the Klamath Lake watershed on the east slope of the 

 Cascades. Here are arms of the lake in which logs can be rafted and 

 taken to the railway at Klamath Falls, a branch line of the Southern 

 Pacific, which furnishes an outlet for lumber not needed for local use. 

 Logs for local consumption are rafted to other points on the lake. 



