10 THE CRATER NATIONAL FOREST. 



evaporation. The yellow pine is best developed where it is most 

 nearly pure; that is, on the lower slopes and benches. On the west 

 slope and in the Siskiyous the best yellow pine is found in low valleys, 

 on benches, and along eastern and southern slopes. 



Sugar pine is an integral part of the yellow-pine type, and, in fact, 

 grows everywhere throughout the Forest where yellow pine is found. 

 It is most common on ridges and on northern slopes and benches. 

 It is a more valuable timber tree than yellow pine, but it grows 

 scatteringly and the amount of it is relatively small. 



If the traveler should emerge from the yellow-pine type near the 

 edge of a marsh, or on a dry flat at a higher altitude where fire has 

 destroyed some other stand, he Avould most likely find himself in the 

 lodgepole-pine type. This might even be considered as a subtype of 

 the yellow pine. Lodgepole, however, is found on a variety of sites. 

 It grows on the dry soils near Anna Creek, where nothing else but 

 yellow pine seems able to maintain a foothold, on slopes, on the higher 

 interior plateau, and on benches. It is also found along streams and 

 on the edges of lakes and marshes, where the soil is too damp to per- 

 mit other species to enter into competition with it. The stand on the 

 type is one of pure lodgepole, usually a close thicket of slender poles. 

 The forest floor is either comparatively bare or covered with a scanty 

 mat of twigs and leaves. At first sight the type seems in many places 

 to be encroaching upon the yellow pine, but though it has come in 

 on the yellow-pine type after fire, the latter, if fire is kept out in 

 the future, will gradually regain the ground. 



Climbing higher, the traveler leaves the yellow pine and lodgepole 

 and enters the subalpine type. This he will find in general covering 

 the higher peaks and mountain masses and over a large portion of 

 his way across the Cascade Plateau. Of the species which compose 

 it, noble fir,*white fir, mountain hemlock, white-bark pine, and Engel- 

 mann spruce are characteristic. These are mixed in varying propor- 

 tions according to altitude, exposure, and soil. In exposed, thin- 

 soiled situations white-bark pine constitutes a major portion of the 

 stand, mixed with mountain hemlock and noble fir, and forming 

 what might be considered a subtype. These, areas, however, are com- 

 paratively small. Noble fir is found on the Umpqua -Rogue River 

 Divide, in the vicinity of Crater Lake, on the summit of the Cascades 

 between altitudes of 6,000 and 7,000 feet, and in the higher Siskiyous. 

 White fir grows over a large portion of the forest, but is chiefly 

 characteristic of the subalpine type. It is very susceptible to rot, 

 and is easily thrown by the wind. It can be used for box boards and 

 rough lumber, and as it becomes better known more important uses 

 may be found for it. Because of its adaptability to a variety of soils 

 i( is likely to supplant more valuable species in the stand. Mountain 

 hemlock is met with throughout the types in the Cascades, and on 



