§38.] PHONETICS. DENTALS. 19 



(b) Medial: — Av. x'^^'^iswrn-, O. x^^^, a father-in-law; Av. dasa, 0. das, ten; 

 similarly the other numerals up to nineteen ; Skr. ^yas-, 0. yas-^'ek, to 

 boil. But Skr. asmi, Av. ahmi, 0. h"m, I am (c£. § 25, 3). 



(2) s = original s : — 



{a) Initial :— Skr. sik'd, a point, 0. sux-aw-'ek, to prick ; Skr. lata-, Av. satdm, 

 0. sw, a hundred. In the latter case, the Kranian form has s. There is 

 no old Eranian form of the former available, but it also must have 

 had an s. Cf. Prs. se^, Kurd, slyl, Bal. slh. The change therefore, in 

 the case of initials, occurs only in the case of Skr. s, corresponding to 

 Eranian s, and is really no change at all for an Eranian language like O. 



(6) Medial: — Skr. trimsat, Av. erisatdm, O. slstu, thirt)"; Skr. pimsail, he adorns, 

 0. pisi, he writes ; Skr. risati, he tears, 0. ras-t-i or rosi, he causes to 

 spin, but rasl, he spins (see § 28, zh). Here also the same remarks 

 probably apply, although the old Eranian equivalents of two of the 

 examples are not forthcoming. 



(3) In two words, s apparently = original x^- Av. s^^du^s-, 0. dus-^ek, to 

 milk; Av. v^%s-, Skr. ^vaks-, 0. yWdsi, grass. Ordinarily original s is repre- 

 sented by s or s (see § 28, 8), and these are really borrowed from Prs. dosidan and 

 was, or some such words, respectively. For the change of s to s in borrowed words, 

 see § 49. 



(4) syd = original c'dy in Skr. c'dyd, O. syd-k", shade. 



(5) As regards original conjuncts of which s is the first member, for original st, 

 see § 33, 5. For original rst, rst, see the same. For sp, see § 40, 5, and for original 

 sp' , see §§ 22, 7; 40, 6. 



(6) s suffers metathesis in Skr. sp'dtayati, 0. x^^srawi, he opens. 



(7) s has suffered syncope in Av. tordsaiti, Skr . trasati, he fears, 0. traya,he shies : 



ywasra [vi + >ytras-), he fears. 



§ 38. ^. 

 (i) z = original z : — 



{a) Initial: — Av. zanu-, Skr. hanu-, O. zenl, the chin; Av. ^zar-, Skr, \/jr^ 

 0. zar-k" , a woman; Av. zdYdd-, Skr. hrdaya-, 0. zli, the heart. 



{h) Medial : — Av. azdm, Skr. aham, 0. az, I; Av. paiti + y/zan-, Skr. prati-jnd-, 

 O. pazan-'ek, to recognize; Av. hazanra-, Skr. sahasra-, 0. zdr^ a 

 thousand. 



(2) 2 = an original medial c. An initial c becomes 6 (§ 31, i). Av. s/pac-, O. 

 hizl, he cooks (cf. Prs. pazad); Av. raoc-ah-, 0. r{y)uz, a day. 



(3) Similarly z = original rcy in Skr. mrcyati, O. mastak, to be broken, mazl, he 

 is broken, if this is the correct derivation (see vocabulary, s.v.). An alternative deriva- 

 tion is Skr. masati. 



(4) z = original medial /. Original initial / becomes ^ (§ 32, i). Av. aiwi + v/ 

 jan-, Skr. ah'i -f han-, 0. waz--dk, to kill; Skr. b'rjjati, 0. brazl, he roasts. In Phi. 

 jutan, O. za-yek, to chew, an initial / has apparently become z. But the word is 

 borrowed from Prs. zdwidan. An initial dz is, however, often sounded as z (§ 32, i). 



