§52.] LOAN-WORDS. 27 



the is preserved in F.sola, WP. sele, 0. sol, paddy. In this case, as we see from 

 the Skr. sali-, the o represents an original a. 



§ 47- As regards semi- vowels, liquids and nasals : — We have seen above that 

 WP. inserts y before a long vowel. Another example is P. masai, WP. myasai, a 

 mosquito. When the latter is borrowed by 0. it takes the form mydsi. This ten- 

 dency to insert y before a long vowel is carried to considerable lengths in O., as is 

 shown in § 13, 4. 



WP. is also fond of inserting w after a guttural (§ 45). So, we have P. yat, WP. 

 ywut, 0. ywat, fat; P. yur-ed^'l, to roar, WP. ywura, boasting, O. yward-ek, to roar. 



We have seen in § 45 that P. m is liable to become WP. w. In P. awr-ed-H, 0. 

 amar-ek, to hear, the reverse process has taken place. 



P. r, Prs. rd is often represented by rd in O. Thus, P. sara, Prs sardl, 0. sardl, 



coldness; P. yara, Prs. gardan, O. gardan, the neck. This enables us to account for 



the rd in O. yward-ek, to roar, compared with P. yar-ed-"l, yurumb-ed-"l, although the 



dictionaries give no P. form with which we can directly compare it. The difference 



between rd and yd is very slight, and might almost be called a mere variety of spelling. 



We have a change of r to / in P. dar, O. dal, to thee (cf. § 33, i). 



Finally, a P. initial r has become h in F. rund, 0. hond, blind. 



§ 48. As regards gutturals: — We have one apparent instance of a P. medial k 

 becoming g, in P. zizkai, 0. sizgai, a porcupine. The termination kai is a P. diminu- 

 tive sufRx, and in that language often becomes gai (Trumpp, p. 50), so that the 

 change probably took place before the word was borrowed. 



A P. initial y often becomes O. g. Thus, P. yar-"l, O. gal-'ek, to twist; P. yds, O. 

 gas, a tooth; P. yuia, WP. yiuo, 0. giyoy, a cow; P. yanam, 0. gunum, wheat. 



§ 49. As regards palatals : — K palatal s in a borrowed word generally becomes s. 

 Thus, Prs. surhd, 0. sirwd, soup ; P. siga, 0. sag", sand ; Prs. samba, O. samba, Satur- 

 day ; Prs. samdxa, 0. samdx, panicum frumentaceum ; Bal. sarv, O. sir, good; P. 

 mMai, 0. mydsl, a mosqaito ; Prs. dos-ldan, O. dus-'ek, to milk (§ 3*7, 3) ; Prs. gast-an, 

 O. gist--ek, to turn (§ 33, 5); Prs. sudan, O. sydk, to become. In a few cases the s is 

 retained, as in Prs. sdr , 0. sor, a city; P. sola, 0. sol, paddy. 



Similarly, P. s becomes s in P. was", 0. ywdsi, grass (§ 37, 3) ; P. yds, 0. gas, a tooth. 



Similarly, z and z become zin P. zobal , 0. zobal, wounded ; Prs. zdwidan, O. zayek 

 (§ 38, 4), to chew; P. zwandai, O. zwandai, alive; P. zizkai, 0. sizgai, a porcupine. 



§ 50. The only example that need be given of fricatives is P. jota, WP. dzeta, 0. 

 ze^, a buffalo calf. Here WP. initial <k has become z. 



.§51. As regards dentals : — We may note the 0. word dist (or d"st, see § i, Rem. 

 i), a hand. The initial d shows that the word has been borrowed from Prs. dast, and 

 not from P. Ids. The P. change of /, d, to / never occurs in 0. 



A Prs. initial z, P. initial z, becomes O. (k in Prs. zdr-idan, P. zar-"l, O. dzaur-^'ek-, 

 to be annoyed. On the other hand, initial P. z becomes O. s in P. zizkai, 0. sizgai, 

 a porcupine. 



§ 52. As regards labials:— We have the WP. change of 6 to z£; in Prs. db-rlz, 0. 

 dw-rlz, a privy; Prs. begdh, P. begd, WP. 0. wegd, evening. 



