61.] • DECLENSION. 31 



Sing. Plur. 



IvOC. . . i-sarai, i-sarai. 



Voc. . . wo-savaia, wo saraia. 



There is no special form for the case of the Agent, used for the subject of the 

 past tenses of transitive verbs. The Agent in such cases is the same in form as the 

 nominative. 



§ 59. As regards the above prepositions, pa corresponds to P. and Bal. pa, Prs. 

 had, ha, hi, O. Prs. patiy, Av. paiti. See § 40, i. 



The preposition ta takes the form tar before the pronouns of the first and second 

 persons, and before certain interrogative pronouns. Thus, tar-mun, of me ; tar-tu, of 

 thee; tar-kuk, of whom ? It seems to correspond to Kurd, de, P. da, which Geiger 

 -(ELA. 23) derives from O. Prs. tya-. But the form tar stands in the way of this, and 

 I am inclined to suggest that, as in the case of i (see below), there has been an inter- 

 change of the functions of the locative and genitive prepositions. Just as the Ormuri 

 i, the preposition of the locative is to be connected with the Persian genitive preposi- 

 tion i, e, so the Ormuri genitive preposition tar , ta, is to be connected with the Persian 

 locative preposition {an)dar, dar (GIP. I, ii, 161). It is thus derived from O. Prs. 

 a{n)tar^ Av. antard. 



In the same wa}'', I connect the preposition z, on, with the Prs. kasra-e-izafat or 

 preposition of the genitive, i, e, of. 



If the noun is a proper name of a person, or is a substantive pronoun referring 

 to a person, ku or ku is used for the locative instead of i. This preposition seems to 

 be of Indian origin, and to be connected with the Skr. krta-; Hn. ka, of; ko, to. 

 Here we have another instance of a genitival word being used to indicate the locative. 

 Cf. also Sq. cii, on. . 



§ 60. Other case-relations are indicated with the aid of postpositions, which 

 govern either the genitive or the locative. 

 The following govern the genitive : — 



par\ for, as in ta-sarai par" , for a man. 



inel'\ in possession of, as in ta-sarai inel", in possession of a man. 



The following govern the locative: — • 



kl or liki, to, as in i-sarai ki (or likT), to a man. This forms a dative. 



last' or last'^ dl, from, as in i-sarai last" , from a man. This forms an ablative. 



So, inar , in; izar , on; gad, together with, and others. The connexions of these 

 with other Eranian languages are given, so far as I have been able to ascertain them, 

 in the vocabulary. 



§ 61. Adjectives. — Some adjectives do not change for gender or number, while 

 others do so change. Examples of immutable adjectives are : — 



arat, wide. land, short. 



yandz, bad. stir , weary. 



x*y, drab-coloured. tok^ hot. 



