34 THE ORMURI OR BARGISTA LANGUAGE. [§67, 



The pronouns of the dative are used like the P^Sto ra, to mej day, to thee; and 

 war , to him. They are very commonly employed to modify the meaning of a verb. 

 Thus, while the verb dzok means ' to go/ we have: — 



n (or hir) dzok, to come (P. ra-tlH), lit. to go to me. 



dal dzok, to go to you (P. dar-tl"l). 



hal dzok, to go away (P. war-tl"l), lit., to go to him. 



The locative pronouns di or da (first and second persons) and wi or wa (third 

 person ) are employed in a variety of idiomatic senses to indicate presence in a particu- 

 lar place. Thus, di hd is used to mean ' he is here,' while wa with ha (the copula) 

 postulates existence, as in hafo wa hd, he is, i.e., he exists. Hd by itself never pos- 

 tulates existence, but is always used as a pure copula. 



In the words hir and hal, the h is not original. After a consonant it is dropped, 

 and the remaining -ir or -al is attached as an enclitic to the preceding word, the final 

 consonant of which is then doubled. Thus, ^"n hir, today to me, becomes h"nn-ir, 

 and h"n hal becomes h"nn-al. The w of wi or wa is original, but is liable to be dropped 

 after a consonant. 



§ 67. The original form of 0. hir or rl appears to be ir. In this the final r is 

 connected with the Persian and Kurd. (cf. Kurd, mera, tome) dative postposition rd, 

 but the origin of the entire word, as in the case of the P. rd, to me, is unknown. 

 As shown by the P. dar and war, in the 0. dal, to you, and {h)al, to him, the / 

 also represents the Persian postposition rd, O. Prs. rddiy. The O. words are possibly 

 borrowed from P. and this appears to account for the change of r to /, which in O. 

 words occurs only when r is immediately followed by a dental. In rddiy, the r is 

 separated from the d by the letter a. Why the change from r to I has not occurred 

 in {h)ir, I cannot say. In rl it has been preserved by being initial ah initio. With 

 the da of dal we may compare the Kurd, pronominal suffix of the second person, -ta, 

 and with the a of {h)al, the Prs. va-rd, to him, and Av., O. Prs. ava-, he. 



Di or da, the locative of the second person may be compared with the P^'Sto pro- 

 nominal suffix de or de, Av. te. It is difficult to explain the use of the same forms 

 for the first person. We may perhaps refer to the O. Prs. adam, I, but here the d 

 appears only in the nominative singular. Wi or wa, in him, etc., goes back to Av., 

 O. Prs. ava-, he, and may be compared with Prs. 0, di, vai, Kurd. au. 



Dl, from him, etc., is probably a contraction oi ta -\- e (P. da + e). 



For further particulars regarding these contracted pronouns, see the Vocabulary, 

 s. vv. 



§ 68. Pronominal suffixes. — As in other Eranian languages, the use of pronominal 

 suffixes is common. There are three sets indicating {a) the nominative, (6) the accu- 

 sative, and (c) any other obHque case. They are as follows :— 



