§69.] 



PRONOUNS. 



35 





Nom. 



Ace. 



Other Cases. 



First Person. 









Sing. .. 



m. 



m. 



m. 



Plur. .. 



yen. 



n. 



n. 



Second Person. 









Sing. . . 



a or e. 



t. 



t. 



Plur. .. 



ai. 



n. 



n. 



Third Person. 









Sing. . . 



.... 



wa, a, or "wa. 



wa, a, or "wa. 



Plur. .. 



m or en. 



wa, a, or "wa. 



n. 



When a suflSx consists of a single consonant, a is inserted as a junction- vowel if 

 a consonant precedes. Thus by ok + m becomes hydkam. 



{a) The suffixes of the nominative are employed with the past participles of 

 intransitive verbs used as the past tense, to indicate the subject. Thus, hyok, been; 

 hyok-am, I was. 



With the past participle of a transitive verb, they indicate the object. Thus 

 xwalak-am, ate me, literally, eaten (was) I. 



{b) The suffixes of the accusative indicate the object of a transitive verb in a 

 tense not formed from the past participle. Thus, bit x"ura, he eats ; bu x'"wf(a:-w, he 

 eats me. 



(c) The remaining group indicates the subject of a transitive verb in a tense 

 formed from the past participle (which is passive in signification). In other words, 

 in this connexion the suffix indicates a pronoun in the Agent case. Thus, f(Walak-a, 

 he ate, Ut. eaten by him. To this, a suffix of the first group may be further added, as 

 in x^^^(ik-"wa-m, he ate me, lit. eaten by him I. 



The same suffixes can also be added to nouns and adjectives, usually to indicate 

 the genitive, but also capable of being employed to indicate other cases. Thus, 

 a-kitab, the book ; a-kitab-am, the book of me, i.e. my book ; x^^^''^'^) pleasing 

 to me. 



For the derivation of these suffixes, see the Vocabulary, s. vv. -a, i ; -a, 2 ; -at ; 

 -am ; -an ; -in ; -at ; -wa ; and -yen. Many of them agree most nearly with Kurd, 

 forms. 



§ 69. Demonstrative Pronouns. — These are hafo, haf" , afo, or af, that, and ho, 0, 

 hd, or a, this. The forms ending in are not used in the feminine. Those in " and 

 in a are of common gender. Both may be used either substantively or adjectively, 

 and both are commonly employed as pronouns of the third person. 



Hafo, etc., drops the initial ha or a in the oblique cases, and then becomes fo or 

 /". Its plural is hafal or afal (com. gen.), with fai in the oblique cases. When it 

 refers to a person, it takes the preposition ku or kU, not i, in the locative, as in ku-fo 

 or kU-f , onhim ; kiinf", on her. Otherwise, it takes ^, as in «-/o,«-/% on it. The genitive 

 is, singular, ta-fo or ta-f" ; plural, ta-/al. 



