§81.] PAST PARTICIPLE. 39 



Verbs of the second conjugation (in -ok and -ak) are quite irregular in the forma- 

 tion of the feminine-plural of the past participle. A list of these past participles, 

 with the feminine of each, will be given when dealing with the present stem (§ 86). 

 The form of the past base has to be obtained independently in each particular case. 

 Generally speaking, — though in each case there are exceptions, — there is this main 

 difference between the two conjugations, that in the first conjugations the past and 

 present bases are the same, or, in other words, that the present base, derived from 

 the old Eranian present, is also adopted for the past base. On the other hand, in 

 the second conjugation the past and present bases are different. The past base is 

 derived from the old Kranian past participle, while the present base, and it alone, 

 is derived from the old present. Sometimes an altogether different original verb is 

 used for the present base, as we have seen was the case in the verb kayek, to do, 

 quoted above. 



§ 79. From the past participle are formed a past tense, and various periphrastic 

 tenses. The past tense is formed by adding pronominal suffixes to the past parti- 

 ciple. In the case of intransitive verbs these suffixes indicate the subject, with 

 which the past participle agrees in gender and number. Thus, from wustyek, to arise, 

 we get the following past tense, the suffixes employed being those used to indicate 

 the nominative (§ 68«) : — 



Singular. Plural. 



Masculine. Feminine Common Gender. 



1. wusP'ek-am. wustak-am. wustak-yen. 



2. wust'ek-a or -e. wustak-a ox -e. wustak-ai. 



3. wust'ek. wustak. wustak-in or en. 



It will be observed that there is no nominative suffix for the third person 

 singular. 



§ 80. In the case of transitive verbs, the past participle, being passive in origin, 

 agrees in number and person with the object, and if the pronominal suffixes of the 

 nominative are added, these necessarily indicate the object. Thus, yafek-am, woven- 

 I (masc), i.e. wove me (masc); so yafak-am, wove me (fern.); yapeh-a ot yafek-e, 

 wove thee (masc), and so on. But if pronominal suffixes of the agent (§ 68c) are 

 added, they indicate the subject, as in yaf'ek-at (a masculine thing was) woveu-by- 

 thee, i.e. thou wovest something masculine, and so on. In practice, however, it is 

 more usual to add these suffixes of the agent, not to the verb itself, but to one of 

 the preceding words in the sentence. Thus, with the verb standing by itself, we 

 have x^^^^k-at, thou atest a masculine thing, but if we wish to say ' thou atest the 

 pomegranate [a-panduk) ^ we say a-panduk-at xwalak, in which the suffix -at is added 

 to a-panduk, and not to -ywalak. 



In using the past participle alone to form a past tense, Ormuri follows the ex- 

 ample of Persian, Kurdish, and the Pamir dialects, but differs from Y%to, in which 

 the participle by itself has the force of an imperfect. 



§ 81. Several derivative tenses are formed from the past participle. These fall 

 into three groups. 



