§86.] PRESENT BASE. 41 



PRESENT 



BASE. 



• 



The future is conjugated as follows : — 







Sing. 





Plur. 



I. su b"m, 





su by en 



2. su bl, 





su bai. 



3. su ha, 





su bin. 



This verb is cognate to Prs. budan ; Av. bavaiti, past part, hiita-. 



Another auxiliary verb, used only in the formation of passives (see § 95) is syok, 

 to become. This verb is conjugated like by ok, substituting s for b throughout. 



This verb, sydk, is not original in Ormuri, but is borrowed from the Persian 

 Sudan. The change of s to s occurs only in such borrowed words (see § 49). Through 

 Sudan, it is to be referred to A v. \/sav-, to go. This Avesta root reappears in its 

 proper Ormun form in the verb h'ek, to go. See both these words in the vocabulary. 



§ 8^. Three tenses are periphrastically formed with the aid of these auxiliary 

 verbs. 



A perfect is formed by conjugating the past participle with the present tense of 

 the verb substantive, as in wusP'ek h"m, I have arisen ; yuf-'ek h"m, has woven me. 

 A pluperfect is formed by conjugating the past participle with the past tense of the 

 verb substantive, as in wusPek bydk-am, I had risen; yaf'ek byok-am, had woven me; 

 and a future perfect by conjugating the past tense with the future of the verb sub- 

 stantive, as in wust-ek su h'm, I shall have risen; yafek su b"m, will have woven me. 



§ 84. (c) A third group, consisting of a present conditional or optative and a past 

 conditional or optative, is formed by adding -an" to the past participle, or to the past 

 participle of bydk added to the past participle, of the main verb. These change for 

 gender and nmnber, Hke other tenses formed from the past participle, but do not 

 change for person. Thus : — 



Present conditional, wusV'ek-an" , (if I, thou, or he) should arise, or would that 

 (I, thou, or he) should arise. 



Past conditional, wusP'ek bydk-an", (if I, thou, or he) had arisen, or would that 

 (I, thou, or he) had arisen. 



I am unable to suggest the origin of this -an", the use of which corresponds to 

 that of the Persian e (GIP. I, ii, 151). 



§ 85. Present Base. — In the regular verbs of the first conjugation the present 

 base is identical in form with the past base, and, like it, is obtained by taking the 

 feminine of the past participle and rejecting the final -ak. Thus, yaf-'ek, woven, to 

 weave ; fem, yafak ; present base, yaf- (see § yy). With the few irregular verbs of the 

 first conjugation, and with all verbs of the second conjugation (the infinitives and past 

 participles of which end in -ok or ak), the case is different. Here the above rule can- 

 not be applied, for the present base is usually derived from the old Eranian present, 

 and the past base from the old Eranian past participle. There are altogether about 

 fifteen -ok verbs and twenty -ak verbs. In all these the present base can be obtained 

 by taking the third person singular of the aorist, and rejecting the final i or a. 



§ 86. The following is a list of the verbs of the second conjugation. It shows 

 (i) the infinitive and past participle, masculine and feminine, (2) its derivation when 



