§ 33. ] PHONETICS. DENTALS. 17 



original s appears to be retained (§ 28, 2) when initial, although it must be confessed 

 that only one example, and that a borrowed word, is available. 



(4) W = original cva, as in Av. cvant-, O. Wn, how much ? 



(5) Original 7ic becomes nj 01 nek {§ 18, 6). 



§ 32. ^. 

 (i) ^ = original initial /. Original medial / becomes z (§ 38, 4). Av. y/jan-, 0. 

 ckana, he strikes (inf. dz-ok) ; Skr. jdnati, he knows, 0. (buna, he sees (see vocabulary, 

 s.v. d'ek). In Phi. jutan, O. za-yek, to chew, an initial ;' has exceptionally become z. 

 This is probably really a case of borrowing from Prs. zdwidan. But (§ 38, 4) initial 

 dz is often pronounced z, as in (kok or zok, to strike ; dzut or zut, much. In dzusl or 

 diisl, he seeks, dz is interchanged with ^ (§ 35, 2). 



(2) <fe = original Eranian initial y. An original Indian initial y remains un- 

 changed (§ 13, I). Av. \/yd-, 0. dza^ he goes, dzd-k, a place ; Av. yuisyeiti, 0. (kusl 

 or dust, he seeks (Prs. justan). 



(3) Before the plural termination i, an 0. g or y becomes di. Thus, prong, a 

 leopard (borrowed from W.P.), pi. pranckt ; maryuy, a frog, pi. maryudzl, a.nd many 

 others (see § 27, 3). 



(4) ds = original nj (Indian h) in Av. *V9r9nja-, Skr. vrihi-, 0. rldzan, rice. 



(5) An original medial nc becomes ntk in Av. panca, O. pendz, five. This wrfe 

 becomes nj before i, as in 0. panjl-jistu, twenty-five (§ 27, 2). 



(6) w^ = original W(^; Skr. gand'a-, a stink, 0. yanck, bad. See §§ 18, y ; 24, 2. 

 As stated in 18, 7, the change is due to the influence of a lost suffix, such as t or some 

 such palatal letter. 



D. DENTALS. 



§ 33- i' ' 



(i) t = original initial t. Av. ^Jtap-, 0. to-k, hot ; Av. tarsti-, O. tisti, he runs 

 away ; Phi. tayV, 0. ^es^, bitter ; Skr. tdvat, O. ta, then ; Av. tuirya-, P. ^r'', O. ^a, a 

 paternal uncle ; Av. turn, 0. tu, thou ; Skr. tarati, he passes over, O. tar, elapsed. 



In one case, 0. dal, to thee (cf. Prs. tu-rd), an initial t has apparently become d. 

 This is due to the influence of the P. dar, from which it is apparently borrowed. 



(2) A medial t is always syncopated. See No. 6, below. 



(3) Final t is preserved in Skr. p'ut, O. put, puffed out. Not impossibly, the 

 origin of the O. word was some such form as *p'utta-. 



(4) As regards compound letters commencing with t, initial ty becomes O. t, 

 as in O. Prs. tya-, P. da, 0. ta, of, if this derivation is right, see § 59. As for tr, it 

 becomes sr (29, id), but in the case of words of Indian origin, it becomes t (§ 39). 



(5) As regards compounds of which t is the latter member, original rst is repre- 

 sented by t, in Av. parsti-, 0. pat, the lower part of the back. Here 0. agrees with 

 the Pisaca languages. Cf. B§. pti, the back, K§m. pata-, behind. Similarly, rst is 

 represented by t in Skr. mdrsti, O. mut-awl, he rubs. On the other hand rst becomes 

 M in Av. tarsti-, O. tist-^'ek, to run away (§ 28, 7). In the case of O. Prs. s/varst-, 

 O. gist-^ek, the O. word is borrowed from the Prs. gastan, see § 14, 2. 



