§25.J PHONETICS. GUTTURALS. 13 



§ 23. g- 

 (i) g = original Eranian g. Only initial : — Av. gairi-, 0. gri, a mountain; Av. 

 gantiima-, 0. guniim, wheat; Av. gar9wa-, 0. guru, a kid; Av. gdrdwnaiti, O. gli, he 

 takes away (§ 17, 3) ; Av. gao-, an ox, O. ga-k'', flesh ; Av. gaosa-, 0. goy, the ear. 

 An original Indian g is represented by y, whether initial or medial. Already in the 

 later Av. an unprotected medial g had become y. 



(2) In one word, g = original Eranian medial y. Av. mdVdya-, 0. mirg", a bird. On 

 the other hand, an original Eranian medial y is preserved in Av. davdya-, O. dray, long. 



(3) In two cases, g = original k. See § 21, 2. 



{4) Original gr = 0. gr. in 0. granyi, a knot (see §§ 15, 4 ; 29, ic), or it may be- 

 come 9' (29, ic). 



§ 24. y. 



(i) y = original medial y in Av. darQyU-, 0. drdy, long. B\itinAv.m9r9ya,0. 

 mirg', a bird, original y has become g (§ 23, 2). No instance has been noted of origi- 

 nal initial y. 



(2) y = original Indian g : — 



(a) Initial: — Skr. garta-, a hollow, O. yiv-ek, to hide; Skr. \/ gud'- *gud'nati, to 

 clothe. O. yMW(;&, a garment ; Skr. ^ygr-, 0. yiri, he roars ; Skr. gup'ati, 

 he plaits, 0. ya/J, he weaves ; Skr. gand'a-, a stink, O. yun^ bad. 



{b) Medial : — Skr. a + y/gam-, O. ay-5^, to adjoin ; Skr. nir + \/gam-, O. 

 na-'y-ok, to emerge ; Skr. /)(a;rii -|- ^/gud'-, ^-gud'nati, 0. paryunl, he clothes 

 himself. 



(3) y is prefixed to original initial va, vi, va (§ 14, 2). 



(4) w is inserted after initial y in O. yward->'lk, to roar ; but this word is bor- 

 rowed from P. (§ 47). 



(5) Original yn becomes n (§ 18, 4), . 



(6) We have syncope of yS in Av. duyUr-, 0. duw'', a daughter. 



§ 25. h. 



(1) h = original h in Av. hapta, 0. Ao, seven ; Av. hisaiti, O. /jay^, he sits. 



(2) Final ^ = original s in Av. x^vas, O. s"h, so, six. 



(3) In composition, hm (Skr. sw) becomes m (§ 20, 2), and hy becomes y (§ 13, 

 i). But Av. ahmi, O. Prs. amiy, Skr. asmi, becomes 0. h"m, I am. 



(4) Prothesis of h. O. Prs. *avayaka-, Phi. x^y^^ (GIP. I, ii, 67), O. hanwalk 

 {hawalk), an egg ; Skr. ama-, Prs. x^w (GIP. ib.), O. ham, unripe ; Av. aUa, O. hast, 

 eight; Av. ardsa-, 0. hins, a bear; Skr. edaka-, 0. hir, a ram. 



(5) Aphaeresis of h. Av. hazahra-, O. -2:ar, a thousand ; Ay. haptditi-, 0. awa^, 

 seventy ; Av. haptadasa, 0. awes, seventeen ; but 0. ho, seven, see No. i, above. 



(6) Syncope of h. Av. x^^hhar-, 0. xwdr , a sister. Skr. mahisa-, O. mi's, a 

 buffalo ; Av. wa^-, 0. mdl, a month. 



(7) From the above we see the very indefinite hold that aspiration possesses in 

 Ormuri. We also notice this in many pairs of words spelt indifferently with or 



