§21.] PHONETICS. GUTTURALS. 11 



bad; Skr. gttd'nati (cf. No. 5 above), O. yunck, a garment. In these cases, it is evi- 

 dent that the d has become dz under the influence of a lost suffix consisting of I or 

 some similar palatal letter. 



§ ig- ^'^^ 



(i) This letter rarely occurs in O. words. When it appears it is almost always 

 in words borrowed from P. In O: — 



(2) 11 = original nj , as in Skr. Aycurn-aya-, to pulverize; 0. hun-aw-ek, to sift. 



(3) ns, also written — rs = original rs in Av. avdsa-, O. hins or Mrs (Prs. x^^^)j a 



bear. 



§ 20. m. 

 {j.) m = original m : — 



(a) Initial : — Av. maxsi-. 0. m"sl, a fly ; Av. ma^xa-, 0. mex, a locust ; Av. 

 mana, 0. mtin, my ; Av. ^ymarz-, O. mux-aw-'ek, to rub ; Skr. mahisa-, 

 O. mis, a buffalo ; Av. matar-, 0. maw\', a mother; Av. miera-, O. wgs', 

 the sun ; Av. mdYdya-, 0. mirg'\ a bird ; Skr. pra-mrsta-, forgotten, O. 

 sra-fnot, forgetful ; Av. maeeman-, O. memnl, a female guest ; Av. maesa-, 

 0. mai, a ewe; Av. maoiri-, O. mar-hoi^ an ant. 



(&) Medial : — Av. das9ma-, O. dasam, tenth ; Skr. A^nam-, 0. \/nim-, to descend. 



(2) As a member of a compound, w is preserved, the other member usually dis- 

 appearing. Thus, Skr. dimba-, O. dim, the belly (borrowed from India) ; Av. casman-, 

 0. Wm (pi. taml), the eye; Av. ahmakdm, O. Prs. amaxCim, 0. ma^, us; but Av. 

 ahmi, O. Prs. amiy , Skr. asm^, 0. /?"m, I am. In PhL ozmutan, 0. wuzm-aw-'ek, to 

 test, the entire compound is preserved. Here, the z and the m belong to two 

 different words, — Av. ava -{■ uz -f ^ma- (H. 21). 



III. MUTES AND SPIRANTS. 



A. GUTTURALS. 



§21. k. 

 (i) k = original k. 



(a) Initial : — Av. ka-, who ? O. ka, who (relative) ; kuk, who? (interrogative) ; 



Av. A^kar-, O. kawl, he does ; Av. ^kart-, 0. karhl, spht; Skr. krte, for, 



O. kUy on. 

 (6) Medial : — Av. sukuvdna-, 0. sukal, a porcupine ; Medic o-Tra/ca O. spuk, a dog. 



Cf . also the ka- suffix below. 



(2) In two instances, both of interrogative adverbs, we have the interchange 

 of initial k with g. 0. guda, where ? kan or gaw, when ? We may compare this with 

 the Kurd, ko or gu, who (relative). We have similar changes in the Pisaca languages, 

 as in Maiya, gi, what ? ; Ksm. gas (Skr. kasa-), light. In Skr. sikata, O. sag-", sand, 

 the 0. word has been borrowed from P. 



(3) In one word medial Av. k has apparently been weakened to x- Av. ahmakdm, 

 0. max, us. But, cf. O. Prs. amdxam, the x is the original Kranian sound, which has 

 been preserved in 0. as well as in old Bal. and in Munjani. 



