10 THE ORMURI OR BARGTSTA LANGUAGE. [§ 18. 



followed by a dental letter {t, d, e, 8, or n), which either follows it immediately or is 

 separated from it only by the letter 9. Thus : — 



rpt — gorQpta-, ddrdta-, mdrdta-, sardta-. 

 re, — y/^gard-. 

 Ydd, — ZdYdd-. 

 Ydl, — saYdla-. 

 Ydn, — sukuYQna-. 



As for xwal-ak, x'ura, we must remember that x^^^<^k is by origin a past parti- 

 ciple, and corresponds to Av. x^^^^i^-, while x"wm corresponds to Av. x^^^^^z^^, in which 

 the t is separated from the r by the diphthong at, not by 9. In the same way we can 

 account for the Aor. of dilak, — Aor. sg. 2, dir 3, divl ; na-w"lak, to take out, — Aor. 

 sg. 3, na-W'ra : mulak, to die, — Aor. sg. 3, wn. In none of the above cases is the d 

 original. The original forms were rt, Yd, yS, yyi, and we are thus entitled to state that 

 Eranian y -f dental becomes t m O, and to compare the fact with the change of Yd to 

 / in modern Prs. (GIP. I, li, 56). This applies only to words of Eranian origin Skr. 

 Yt becomes O. r (§ 16, i ; cf. § 15, 5). 



(4) An / appears to have been inserted in O. Prs. ^avayaka-, Phi. x^V^k, O. 



hawalk (hanwalk), an egg. 



§ 18. n. 

 [i] n = original n : — 



[a) Initial : — Skr. y/ nam- , O. j^/nim-, to descend; Av. nava, 0. w"A, nine ; Av. 

 navaya-, 0. naw" , a hill valley. 



(6) Medial: — Av. axsaena- , green; 0. sm-wu, spinach; Av. paeana-, O. pan, 

 wide; O, Prs. parana-, O. pYun, yesterday; Av. paiti -{- 4^zan-,0. y/ 

 pazan-, to recognize ; Av. fsu-puna-, 0. swan, a shepherd; Av. Ynaeeman-, 

 0. niemnl, a female guest ; Av. zanu-, O. zenl, the chin. 



(2) In one word borrowed from India, probably through the Pisaca languages, 

 M = an original /. Prakrit ^yie-, to take, 0. n-ok, to take. Cf. Ksm. A^/ni-. 



(3) n = original nt or nd : — 



[a) nt, Av. gantuYYia-^ 0. giinum^ wheat ; Av. cvant-, 0. hon, some; O. Prs. ciyant-, 



O. hen, what ? So all third persons plural of the Aorist (= old present), 



as in Av. hardnti, O. WYin, they take. 

 {b) nd, Phi. x^w^i^an, to laugh, 0. x«««, he laughs ; Phi. candimtan, O. hwan- 



'ek, to shake out dust. But Av. aevandasa (GIP, I, i, 112), 0. sandas, 



eleven (see § 35. 4)- 



(4) n = original yU in Av. raoyna-, O. Yun, clarified butter. 



(5) w = original d'71 in Skr. paYtgud'nati, 0. paYyilni, he dresses himself. 



(6) Original nc becomes nj before a palatal vowel ; otherwise, n^. Av. panca, 

 0. pe}i(k, five; but panji-jistu, twenty-five; Skr. paYi-sincati , 0. pYunck-aw-^'ek, to 

 cause to sprinkle; but prusnawi,h.e sprinkles, with metathesis of n and c, and change 

 of c to s. 



(7) Occasionally nd' , d'n becomes nek. Thus, Skr. gand'a-, a stink, 0. yanck, 



