6 THE-ORMURI OR BARGISTA LANGUAGE. [§12. 



(3) frequently represents an original labial consonant or semi- vowel. Thus, 

 Av., Skr. »ytap-, O. to-k, hot ; Av. dva, O. d{y)d, two ; Av. cvant-, O. ^on, some. Simi- 

 larly, a has become under the influence of the following m in Skr. namra- (through 

 "^navra-)^ 0. nd9, soft. , • 



§ 12. Generai. View of Vowei.-changes. 

 (i) Changes of quantity : — 

 {a) The vowel a is lengthened. In every case noted the vowel is either preceded 

 or followed by r , and in most cases a syllable adjoining has been elided. 

 §4. 2. 

 Instances of compensatory lengthening of u will be found in §8,2. There is 

 no compensatory lengthening in Skr. dimha-, 0. dim, the belly, § 20, 2. 

 (6) The vowel a is shortened to " in feminine terminations. §2,2. 

 The prefix a becomes a. § 3, 2. 

 u becomes u in Skr. ^cilrn-, O. ^kun-aw-. § 7, 3. 



(2) Changes of quality : — 



{a) a and 9 become i under the influence of a neighbouring palatal letter or ;'. 



§5, 2, 3. 

 (6) a becomes it under the influence of a neighbouring labial letter. § 7, 2. 

 (c) u becomes a under the influence of a neighbouring guttural letter. §3,4. 



(3) Changes of quantity and quality : — 



{a) a becomes I or e under the influence of a neighbouring palatal. §§6, 2 ; 



9.3,4- 

 (6) i becomes e in Av. mi$ra-, O. mesf. §9,4. 

 (c) e becomes a under the influence of a neighbouring guttural. §3,5. 



(4) Aphaeresis of :—a, §3,7. 



(5) Syncope of :~a, § 3, 8 ; ai, § 10, 2 ; 9, in Av. mdVdya-, O. mirg\ §§ 5, 3 ; 9^ 



6; «,§7, 5- 



(6) Apocope of ^i, § 3 , 9. 



(7) Crasis -.—ai-i, a, § 3, 6. a^-i, ^, § 6, 4 ; j-j, ^ § 6, 3 ; ui, a, § 4, 3 5 «^, ~h § 6, 4 ; 

 aa, i7, § 8, 3 ; aoi, a, § 4, 3. 



(8) Nasalization of :—a, § 3, 10 ; «, § 4, 4 ; ^ § 5, 5 ; w, § 8, 5 ; g, § 9, 5. 



II. SEMIVOWEIvS, LIQUIDS, AND NASALS. 



§ 13- y- 



(i) y =an original Skr. y, only as an initial, in Skr. A^yas-, O. s/yas-, to boil. 

 An original Av. y becomes d:. See § 32, 2. No instances of an original medial y 

 have been noted, but medial Skr. hy becomes y in Skr. sahyati, 0. sayawl, he endures. 

 Cf., however, 0. myaur , in 4, below. 



