§ 11.] PHONETICS. VOWELS. • 6 



Compare Phi. ozmutan, O. ^wuzm-aw-, test. So O. Prs. uska-, O. w{y)uk, dry, with 

 compensator^^ lengthening. 



(5) Syncope of u occurs in Av. fsu-pana-, O. swan, a shepherd. 



§ 8. ^. 



Regarding this vowel, see § i, Rem. i. 

 (i) u == original u. 

 Medial : — Skr. p'ut-, 0. put, puffed out ; Av. turn, 0. tu. 



(2) u = original ii, owing to compensatory lengthening, due to the simplification 

 of a following compound consonant. Av. y/'^dvtx^-, O. v^^ws-, milk ; Av. duy8ar-, O. 

 dilw", a daughter ; O. Prs. uska-, O. w{y)uk, dry. 



(3) u is sometimes the result of crasis, as in Av. raoc-ah-, 0. r{y)uz ; Av. raoyfia-. 

 0. run, clarified butter. 



(4) u may represent a vocalized z£^, as in Av. gavdwa-, O. guru, a. kid. 



(5) w is nasalized in buy, borrowed from Prs. bile, scent. 



§ 9. g. 



Regarding this vowel, see § i, Rem. i. 



(i) No case of the retention of an original e has been noted. In Ormuri it 

 appears to be always secondary. 



(2) It represents an original iya or uya in Av. caerudasa (through ^caeruasa 

 *ca9ruyasa) , O. ^ares, fourteen ; O. Prs. ciyant-, 0. hen, what ? 



(3) a has become e owing to the influence of a neighbouring palatal in Av. panca, 

 0. penck, five. 



- (4) It appears before sf in Phi. ta-xr, O. tesr, bitter ; Av. midra-, O. me§, the sun 



(5) It is nasalized in hebcl {henhci), tears. Cf. Skr. asru-. The vowel changes 

 in this word cannot at present be explained, as we do not know the form of the 

 singular. See vocabulary s.v. 



(6) In Xv.dardya-, O. ddray, long, there has been syncope of 9. So Av. m9r9ya, 

 O. mirg"^ a bird, other similar cases. 



§ 10. ai. 



(i) This diphthong has been noted only as a termination of masculine nouns, 

 adjectives, and participles, which is most probably borrowed from P'§to, as in the 

 word sarai, sl man, which is common to both languages. The termination is derived 

 from -aka- through *-aya-. See GIP, I. ii. 210. 



(2) Original ai is syncopated in Av. gairi-, O. gr'i, a. mountain. Cf. also §3,6. 



§ II- 0- 

 Regarding this vowel, see § i, Rem. i. 



(1) represents an original ao in Av. gaosa-, O. goy, an ear. 



(2) As in P. sometimes represents an original a. Thus, Skr. paldla-, 0. parof, 

 rice-straw : Skr. sali-, 0. sol, rice. It will be observed that both these words come 

 from India. They are both almost certainly borrowed from Waziri P''§to. Cf. also 

 Prs. sar, O. sor, a city. Here the 0. word has certainly been borrowed from Prs. 

 through Waziri P'sto. See § 46. 



