§5.] PHONETICS. VOWELS. 3 



Av. sar98a-,0. sal; Av. savah-, 0. sar ; O. Prs. ^tras-, O. ^tra- (trayek); 

 Skr. v'>''^'5"j O- \/y<^5-. 



(2) We have a for original a in Skr. a + s/gam-, O. ay-ok; O. Prs. a -|- s/sta-, O. 

 \/ast-. Perhaps, also, 0. ^amar-, cf. P. x^awr-, to hear. 



(3) We have rt for original ^ in Skr. <^ns-, 0. \/ras-, and in various forms of the 

 prepositions ni, nis, as in Skr. ni -f y/sad-, 0. y^^nas-t- ; Av. «?s + ^/bar-, O. Aynaw"l-; 

 Skr. m's + y^^gam-, 0. nayok. But, in Skr. ms + sarati, O, 7MSi, the ^ is retained. 



(4) rt represents an original u in two words, in each case being preceded by a 

 guttural letter. Skr. gup'ati, 0. yafl ; Av. sukurgna-, 0. sukal. Similarly, u after a 

 guttural is represented by a in Skr. g'urnati, 0. gall. 



(5) xA. final g preceded by a guttural is weakened to a in Av. he, O. a, the oblique 

 suffix of the pronoun of the third person singular. 



(6) In Av. paiti-, ai-i in crasis have been weakened to a in Av. paiti -\- ^zan-, 

 O. y/pazaii-, recognize. Similarly, Av. pairi- becomes par, pra, or pr. 



(7) Aphaeresis of original a occurs in Av. ahmi, Skr. asmi, 0. h"m, I am : O. Prs. 

 amaxam, 0. max, we, us ; Av. axsaena-, O. sln-wu. 



(8) Syncope of original a occurs in Av. x^'S^sw;'*^-, O. x^^^" ; Skr. mahisa-, O. mis, 

 a buffalo ; O. Prs. Parana-, 0. prdUy yesterday. 



{9) Apocope of a is very common, or, rather, it is universal except in the case 

 of a monosyllable such as pa, by (see § 40, i). Thus; Av. x^^^wra-, Skr. mahisa-, 

 as above. Similarly, Av. fsu-pana-, 0. swan; Av. dardya-, O. daray; Av. aspa-, O, 

 yasp ; Av. asta, O. hast, and many others. 



(10) Original a is nasalized in Av. hizaiti, 0. hayl, he sits; O. Prs. *avayaka-, 



0. hanwalk {hdwalk), an egg. More often in such a case the original a is lengthened 



to a, see the next §. 



§ 4- «• 

 (i) rt = original a. Thus :— 



(a) Initial : — No instances of this have been noted. In the two cases noted of 



original a, it has become a. vSee § 3, 2. 

 {h) Medial: — Av. fsu-pana-, 0. swan; Av.navaya-,0. ndw" ; Av. pada-,0. pan ; 



Av. *brderya-, 0. rd^ai. 

 ic) Final a usually becomes ". See § 2, 2. 



(2) Medial a also sometimes represents an original a. In every example noted 

 the a either followed or preceded the letter r, and a syllable has generally been elided. 

 Thus: Av. ars-, O. rax'; Av. dar9ya-, 0. dray or daray; O. Prs. parana-, O.prdn; 

 Av. sargta-, O. sal". 



(3) Other cases of contraction also result in a. Thus: Av. maoiri-, O. mar{hdi); 

 Av. tuirya-, 0. td (cf. P. tr"). 



(4) d, representing an original a, is sometimes nasalized. Thus : Av. aspa-, 0. 

 yasp ; Av. asta, 0. hast. 



§5. i' 



Regarding this vowel, see § i, Rem. i. 



(I) i = original i. 



